Tech Arsenal 1/Tech Arsenal (Arsenal Computer).ISO/tek-19/ezcase.zip/EZCASE.EXE/lha/MANUAL.TXT

Text File | 1989-09-10 | 201KB | 4,350 lines

                           ________________

                            EasyCASE (tm)
                           ________________


                 Copyright 1989 Evergreen CASE Tools
                         All Rights Reserved

                            An easy-to-use

              Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE)

                          tool for drawing :

                         Data Flow Diagrams,

                        Transformation Schema,

                      State Transition Diagrams,

                          Structure Charts,

                     Data Structure Diagrams and

                     Entity-Relationship Diagrams

                        in accordance with the

                   Yourdon-DeMarco, Gane & Sarson,

                     Ward-Mellor, Hatley-Pirbhai,

                         Yourdon-Constantine,

                     Jackson and Chen methods for

                Structured Systems Analysis and Design

          (including Real Time Systems analysis extensions)

                      Revision 1.6, August 1989

                        Evergreen CASE Tools,
                       11025 164th. Ave. N.E.,
                          Redmond, WA 98052

                         Tel : [phone]

         MEMBER ASP - Association of Shareware Professionals


1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 What EasyCASE does

 EasyCASE is a limited function CASE (Computer Aided Software
Engineering) tool intended to simplify the generation (with a certain
amount of automation) of data flow diagrams (DFDs), transformation
graphs (TRGs), state transition diagrams (STDs), structure charts
(STCs), data structure diagrams (DSDs) and entity-relationship
diagrams (ERDs). EasyCASE produces these charts in accordance with the
Yourdon-DeMarco, Gane & Sarson, Ward-Mellor, Hatley-Pirbhai (also
known as the Boeing-Hatley method), Yourdon-Constantine, Jackson and
Chen representations and methodologies for structured analysis and
design as published in their respective texts (see bibliography
section).

  EasyCASE provides the capability to add the appropriate chart type
objects to the chart and then manipulate them. EasyCASE maintains
certain information about each object and its relationships with other
objects on the chart. Objects can be added, moved, deleted, labelled,
identified and associated with other objects on the chart. If an
object is modified in any way, any other similarly identified or
associated objects are modified also. For example : (i) if a data
process symbol on a transformation graph is moved, any attached data
and/or control flows and their labels are moved also, remaining
connected to, and associated with, that symbol; (ii) if a function
symbol on a structure chart is deleted, any attached connections and
associated data or control flow arrows (couples) and their labels are
deleted also; (iii) if a previously defined object identifier is re-
used, the new object will inherit its attributes (label).

  EasyCASE does NOT have a data dictionary. It also does NOT provide
chart linking, level balancing or methodology rule checking features.
These features are (or will be) supported by the commercial product,
EasyCASE Plus, described elsewhere.

  The information entered about each object on each chart produced can
be exported, at the chart level, in dBASE III Plus file format so that
reports and analysis can be performed using dBASE III+, Lotus 1-2-3,
Microsoft Excel, PC File:dB etc. Also, a chart image can be exported
in Microsoft Windows Paint (v1.0x and v2.0) and PC Paintbrush (v3.0)
file formats so that it can be incorporated into documents when using
a desktop publishing or word processing program which can import Paint
images, such as Aldus Pagemaker, Ventura Publisher, PFS:First
Publisher, Lotus Manuscript, Word and WordPerfect v5 etc.

  To be able to use EasyCASE, some pre-requisite knowledge of
structured analysis and design methodologies is required. Although the
features provided by EasyCASE are intuitive and  easy to use,
consultation of at least one of the texts listed in the bibliography
section of this user manual, will provide the basics necessary to
understand the meaning, purpose, relationships and associations of the
charts and object types available.

1.2 What CASE is (and is not!)

   CASE is an acronym for Computer Aided Software Engineering and is a
relatively new (5 years or so) technology brought about by the need to
improve software development and automate structured analysis and
design methods. CASE has been made possible by the advent of
relatively low cost, powerful Personal Computer systems and
Workstations.

   CASE is the term used to describe an environment of integrated
tools which both automate the structured software development process
and also give it the rigor and discipline of an engineering approach.

   It is expected, and is already being demonstrated, that CASE will
do for computer software development what CAD (Computer Aided Design)
has done for hardware development, that is to enable the rapid,
accurate, cost-effective development of system software.

  It is important to remember that a CASE tool is not a magical,
solve-all solution to perfect system design. What is important is a
firm understanding of structured development methods and their
advantages, disadvantages and limitations. CASE simply provides a
means of automating the structured development life-cycle. In fact, it
is highly likely that a system designed badly using traditional
unstructured or even non-automated structured methods will also be
designed badly using a CASE tool. The only advantage here is that
inherent disasters may become apparent sooner, perhaps enabling a
system re-definition or redesign before it is too late.

  CASE technology shows the most benefit when making the transition
from non-automated but structured methods than from unstructured
methods due to the increased learning curves of both structured
methods and CASE.

1.3 What EasyCASE is intended to provide

  EasyCASE is intended to provide the end-user with an introduction to
the concepts of structured analysis and design methods and CASE which
may then provide him or her with a basic knowledge of the methods and
techniques required to implement the full CASE solution. A more
complete CASE solution may be our product EasyCASE Plus.

  As a minimum, EasyCASE should provide the user with exposure to the
various structured software development methodologies supported and
also exposure to some of the features and benefits a CASE tool can
provide.

1.4 Development

  EasyCASE is written mostly using Microsoft QuickBASIC version 4.5
and consists of over 20,000 lines of source code. The printer drivers,
screen text manipulation and some other functions were produced using
Microsoft Assembler v5.1. Pop-up windows, dialog boxes, mouse support
etc. are provided using the QuickWindows Advanced function library
from Software Interphase, Inc. which provides an excellent library of
fast, low level primitives needed to perform the screen handling
support used for the pop-up dialog boxes.

  This document was written using Microsoft Word v5.0, Scrapbook+ and
GCP (formerly Easel) running under Microsoft Windows/386 v2.1 and
printed on a Brother HL-8e (LaserJet Series II) compatible Laser
printer using the downloadable Dutch 11 point soft font provided by
Bitstream Fontware.

  EasyCASE was developed on a Tandy 4000 (a 16MHz, 80386-based PC)
with a 50 Mbyte 3.5 inch Hard Drive and 1:1 RLL Controller, 1.44 Mbyte
3.5 inch and 1.2 Mbyte 5.25 inch Floppy disk drives, 4 Mbytes of
memory, Video-7 VRAM VGA graphics card, Mitsubishi Diamond (multi-)
scan monitor, Microsoft Mouse and an Intel 80287 math. coprocessor.

1.5 Requirements

  EasyCASE requires a Hercules (HGC), EGA or VGA (with EGA emulation
capability) graphics card, a monochrome or enhanced color (EGA/VGA
only) monitor, Microsoft mouse or compatible and ideally an 8 MHz
80286 (PC-AT) based PC or better, with at least 512 kbytes of RAM. An
Intel 80287 or 80387 math co-processor will improve the speed of
screen updates and chart draws. Hard copy can be directed to a number
of printers which are compatible with the following ; Epson FX, Epson
LQ, Okidata Microline, IBM Graphics Printers, HPGL Plotters, Hewlett-
Packard QuietJet, LaserJet (HPLJ) series and DeskJet (including the
DeskJet Plus) printers.

  Note, EasyCASE will not work with EGA cards which do not support the
80 column by 43 line EGA mode (early IBM EGA cards fall into this
category) or EGA cards with less than 128kbytes of memory. EasyCASE
also will not work correctly with non-Microsoft compatible mice.
EasyCASE is best run on an EGA or VGA card as use is made of color to
highlight objects, dialog boxes etc. EasyCASE can be used with an EGA
or VGA card connected to a monochrome monitor. The Hercules graphics
card (HGC) is capable of displaying only monochrome, highlighting (in
graphics mode) is not available.

  EasyCASE will work (albeit more slowly than intended) with an 8088
microprocessor based IBM PC or compatible. A 10 MHz 286 or 386
microprocessor based PC equipped with 640 kbytes of RAM, a math co-
processor and a VGA card will provide the best performance.

1.6 Acknowledgements

  The most thanks go to my wife Denise for handling the administrative
aspects of the business, producing the user manuals and putting up
with the tremendous amount of time I have spent writing this program,
hidden away in my study, over the last two years and for allowing me
to satisfy my ongoing needs for ever increasing computer equipment and
power, and the continuing growth of my book and software libraries.
Without her tolerance, encouragement and support this product would
not have happened and I would probably be single now.

  Thanks to Don Lambert of Software Interphase Inc., Providence, RI
for producing an excellent set of functions (QuickWindows Advanced)
which provide low level mouse support, pop-up windows, menus and
dialog boxes etc. which work in QuickBASIC EGA graphics mode 9 and
Hercules graphics mode 3.

  Thanks to Microsoft Corporation for QuickBASIC v4.5 Assembler, v5.1,
Word v5.0 and Windows/386 v2.1.

  Thanks to Warren Keuffel of Computer Language Magazine, Karen
Watterson of Databased Advisor and Ed Yourdon who have collectively
provided support for EasyCASE as a result of their reviews,
suggestions and encouragement.

1.7 The Author

  EasyCASE was conceived, written and tested by the author who has
over 10 years experience in the development of software for such
systems developed using structured techniques and, most recently, CASE
tools, mostly from a 'real world' application product development
engineering standpoint. That is, trying to find the best solution to
enable the development team to get a high quality product out on time
and budget. Rob Pritt, Author

1.8 Bibliography

Structured Development for Real Time Systems (Vols. I-III) by Paul T.
Ward & Stephen J. Mellor, Yourdon Press 1985.

Strategies for Real-Time System Specification by Derek J. Hatley &
Imtiaz A. Pirbhai, Dorset House 1987.

Practical Guide to Structured Systems Design (2nd. Edition) by Meiler
Page-Jones, Yourdon Press 1987.

Structured Analysis and System Specification by Tom DeMarco, Yourdon
Press 1978.

System Development by Michael Jackson, Prentice-Hall Intl. 1983.

Structured Design by E.N. Yourdon & L.L. Constantine, Prentice-Hall
1979.

Modern Structured Analysis by E.N. Yourdon, Yourdon Press 1988.

Structured Systems Analysis: Tools and Techniques by C. Gane & T.
Sarson, Prentice-Hall 1979.

Object Oriented System Analysis by S. Shlaer & S. Mellor, Yourdon
Press 19889.

Essential Structured Analysis by S. M. McMenamin & J. F. Palmer,
Prentice-Hall 1984.

Developing Quality Systems (2nd. Edition) by B. Dickinson, Yourdon
Press 1989.

The Entity-Relationship Approach to Logical Database Design by P.
Chen, QED Information Sciences 1977.

2. INSTALLATION

   EasyCASE is installed by creating a suitable sub-directory on your
hard disk, for example C:\EASYCASE, and copying the executable and
font files from the distribution disk to that directory. It is
necessary to copy files EASYCASE.EXE, 4X6FONT.BIN, 6X8FONT.BIN and
6X24FON.BIN to the EasyCASE directory.

  To be able to use EasyCASE, the mouse driver for your mouse must
have been previously loaded either via your config.sys file
(device=mouse.sys command) file or via your autoexec.bat file
(mouse.com command) and a Microsoft or compatible mouse must be
attached to your PC, see your mouse manual for further information.
Also, you must have either a Hercules, EGA or VGA graphics card
installed in your PC and attached to a monochrome or enhanced color
display. The mouse must be installed for Microsoft Mouse
compatibility. Note to SIDEKICK users : you must remove Sidekick or
Sidekick Plus from memory prior to running EasyCASE as it somehow
conflicts with the mouse driver.

2.1 DOS Environment

  In order to set the various options listed above, using the SET
command from the DOS command line prior to invoking EasyCASE, it may
be necessary for you to extend your DOS environment area as follows.
This will be necessary if DOS issues an 'Out of Environment Space' or
similar error message when use the SET options command. To extend the
DOS environment area to 2048 bytes, add the following line to your
config.sys file ;

  shell=command.com /e:2048 /p

  Note that this command assumes that you have the DOS file
command.com located in the root directory of your boot drive. If not,
precede the command.com entry with the appropriate drive and/or path
name (for example, shell=c:\dos\command.com /e:2048 /p).

  In addition, to speed up disk accessing, add the following lines
also to your config.sys file ;

  files=20
  buffers=40

2.2 Video Display Combinations Supported

   EasyCASE supports several video graphics configurations. These are
the Hercules (and close compatibles) graphics card (HGC) and EGA (or
VGA) graphics card connected to a monochrome  or enhanced color
monitor.

2.2.1 Hercules (HGC)

The standard 720 by 348 monochrome graphics mode, with 25 lines of
text, is used.

Prior to running EasyCASE for the first time each time you power-up or
reset your system, you must first install the Hercules graphics card
driver (msherc.com) provided on the EasyCASE program distribution
disk. This is a TSR (terminate and stay resident) program and is run
by entering the command MSHERC at the DOS prompt. If you should forget
to do this, EasyCASE will issue an error message instructing you to
run the msherc program and then terminate.

If the Hercules is the primary (or only) graphics card in your system,
EasyCASE should automatically detect it and configure itself
accordingly. However, if for some reason this does not occur, you can
manually configure EasyCASE for Hercules support by issuing the
command SET DISPLAY=HGC at the DOS prompt prior to invocation.

If the Hercules is the secondary graphics card in your system, you
must first select it by issuing the commands MODE MONO and SET
DISPLAY=HGC at the DOS prompt, prior to invoking EasyCASE.

When running EasyCASE in Hercules mode, the menu, down the right side
of the display, cannot be shown in its entirety. Selecting the SYMBOLS
main menu option will cause the main menu to be erased and replaced
with a sub-menu listing all of the available symbol types for the
currently selected chart type, from which you may select one at a
time. Selecting the OTHER main menu option will result in the main
menu being replaced by a sub-menu from which you can select the option
to Load, Save, Export or Print a chart. On completion of the selected
sub-menu function, the main menu will be re-displayed.

In Hercules mode it is NOT possible to highlight objects (symbols,
flows, label text etc.) when selected for moving, deletion,
modification etc. You must instead rely on the prompt line at the top
of the screen to indication selection of an object. If an object has
been selected you will prompted to perform an action on that object.

2.2.2 EGA Monochrome

The standard 640 by 350 graphics mode with 43 text lines is used.
However, instead of using color, gray is used for drawing objects,
text etc. and white (bright) is used for identifying (highlighting)
selected objects, text etc.

Note that an EGA/Mono combination will not always reliably co-exist
with a Hercules card. Although EasyCASE will run on an EGA/Mono
(primary) configuration with a Hercules (secondary) card installed,
your system will most likely 'crash' or 'hang up' if you attempt to
access the DOS shell or Exit to DOS.

EasyCASE should automatically detect the presence of an EGA (or VGA)
connected to a Monochrome monitor and configure itself accordingly. If
this does not occur, check your video card user manual to ensure the
card is correctly installed for monochrome mode, or issue the command
SET DISPLAY=EGAM at the DOS prompt prior to invoking EasyCASE.

EasyCASE looks and functions in exactly the same way in monochrome
mode as it does for color with the exceptions that (i) selected dialog
box options are not highlighted, only capitalized and (ii) dialog box
selected input text and the selected main menu option appear in
reverse video.

2.2.3 EGA Color

The standard 640 by 350, 16 color graphics mode with 43 text lines is
used. Although EasyCASE normally detects and configures itself
automatically for an EGA card connected to a color (enhanced) display,
if necessary you can ensure this by issuing either of the commands SET
DISPLAY=EGA or SET DISPLAY=EGAC at the DOS prompt prior to invocation.

2.2.4 VGA

EasyCASE currently uses the EGA emulation mode of VGA graphics cards
which may be connected to either a monochrome or an enhanced color
display monitor. The EGA standard 640 by 350, 16 color graphics mode
with 43 lines of text is used. Although EasyCASE normally detects and
configures itself automatically for a VGA card connected to a color
(enhanced) display, if necessary you can ensure this by issuing either
of the commands SET DISPLAY=EGA or SET DISPLAY=EGAC at the DOS prompt
prior to invocation.


  A version of EasyCASE which uses the 640x480 higher resolution
capability of VGA is being developed.

2.3 Executing EasyCASE

  EasyCASE is invoked by entering the following command at the DOS
prompt while in the EasyCASE directory ;

  EASYCASE [Chart Sub-directory] [Chart Name] or [Chart Type]

  Note that [] denotes optional arguments. You must enter at least one
space between each argument.

  If a Chart Sub-directory, Chart Name or Chart Type is NOT specified,
you will have to choose the desired working chart type from a dialog
box which will 'pop-up' after EasyCASE has loaded and displayed its
welcome screen. In addition, the charts directory will default to the
EasyCASE sub-directory.

  If Chart-Type, which must be  one of DFD (data flow diagram), TRG
(transformation graph), ERD (entity-relationship diagram), STC
(structure chart) or STD (state transition diagram), is specified,
EasyCASE will default to that working chart type, you will not have to
choose a chart type when EasyCASE has loaded.

  If Chart Sub-directory is specified,  EasyCASE will default to that
sub-directory for loading charts of the selected chart type. Note that
only the charts sub-directory name should be specified, NOT the entire
pathname. Also, the charts sub-directory must be a sub-directory
within the EasyCASE directory. For example, specify CHARTS for sub-
directory whose full pathname is C:\EASYCASE\CHARTS.

  If Chart Name is specified in the form of the filename of the
desired working chart, EasyCASE will select the default working chart
type based on the three-character filename extension which must be one
of TRG, STC or STD. In addition, EasyCASE will load the file
specified, if it exists, and present it for working on. You will not
need to specify a chart type or select a chart file to work with when
EasyCASE has loaded.

  Note, you CANNOT specify Chart Type AND Chart Name on the command
line. If you do, depending on the order specified, EasyCASE will
assume one of them is the Chart Sub-directory, attempt to select that
directory and most probably fail to load.

2.4 Specifying the Project Directory

  The project directory specification does NOT necessarily have to be
a sub-directory within the EasyCASE executable and font files
directory. If it is NOT, you must provide the FULL project directory
path specification either on the command line or via the CHARTS
environment variable (see below). If this is the case, the project
directory specification MUST begin with either a "\" (path on current
drive) or a drive specifier of the form "d:\" where d is the drive
specifier (A, B, C, D etc.). For example, \PROJECT or C:\PROJECT etc.

  Note that you can use the CHARTS environment variable to specify the
project directory removing the need to specify it on the command line.
For example, if your project is named ACCS and it is a sub-directory
within the EasyCASE executable and font files directory named
EASYCASE, you can invoke the program as follows:

     SET CHARTS=ACCS or SET CHARTS=\EASYCASE\ACCS
     EASYCASE chart - instead of EASYCASE ACCS chart

  If ACCS is on a different drive and/or is a sub-directory of a
different directory (for example, PROJECTS), you can specify:

     SET CHARTS=\PROJECTS\ACCS or
     SET CHARTS=D:\PROJECTS\ACCS
then EASYCASE chart

  Alternatively you can load EasyCASE using, for example:

     EASYCASE \PROJECT\ACCS chart or
     EASYCASE D:\PROJECT\ACCS chart

2.5 Running EasyCASE

  You can run EasyCASE from a directory other than that in which the
executable and font files reside. In this case, you MUST ensure that
the EasyCASE executable and font files directory appears in BOTH your
PATH specification AND you must also specify it using the EASYCASE
environment variable, described in the Installation section of the
EasyCASE User Manual, as follows, for example:

     PATH=\;........;\EASYCASE or
     PATH=\;........;drive:\EASYCASE
and  SET EASYCASE=\EASYCASE or
     SET EASYCASE=drive:\EASYCASE

  The project directory or sub-directory must also be specified,
either on the command line or via the CHARTS environment variable, as
previously described, preferably in full.

  Avoid using a project charts sub-directory with the name TRG, STC or
STD or using a deep chart sub-directory nesting. The maximum number of
characters available for the charts pathname and chart filename
combination is 40, therefore the charts sub-directory pathname length
should not exceed 28 characters (12 character filename, including
period and 3 character extension). For example the chart pathname
C:\EASYCASE\CHARTS\ is 19 characters in length.

2.6 EasyCASE Environment Options

  Prior to invoking EasyCASE, the following DOS environment commands
may be entered at the DOS prompt to set various environment variables
to configure EasyCASE and to indicate where to find the font files it
requires for displaying and printing text.

  Environment variables are used, at the DOS prompt prior to invoking
EasyCASE, in the form:

  SET environment variable=option.

2.6.1 SET EASYCASE

  This environment variable (SET EASYCASE=) enables EasyCASE to locate
its font files in whatever sub-directory was created for EasyCASE. If
EasyCASE is to be started from this directory, it is not necessary to
set this environment variable.

For Example : SET EASYCASE=C:\EASYCASE

2.6.2 SET CHARTS

  This environment variable (SET CHARTS=) can be used to specify the
path to the sub-directory to be used when loading, saving or exporting
chart files. If this pathname does not begin with a "\", one will be
added to signify that this path is from the root directory on the
current drive. This command works in conjunction with the chart sub-
directory which can be specified on the EasyCASE command line. The
latter is appended to the former.

  Examples :

1. SET CHARTS=\EASYCASE\CHARTS

2. SET CHARTS=\EASYCASE
   EASYCASE CHARTS

3. EASYCASE \EASYCASE\CHARTS

  All three examples specify path C:\EASYCASE\CHARTS as the charts
sub-directory, when issued from the DOS command line prior to invoking
EasyCASE.

  For each project to be worked on (a project is a collection of
related transformation graphs, structure charts and/or state
transition diagrams) a directory should be created, preferably sub-
directories, within the EasyCASE directory (for example
C:\EASYCASE\CHARTS).

2.6.3 SET PRINTER

  This environment variable (SET PRINTER=) can be used to specify the
default printer to which charts are output from within EasyCASE. The
printer specified may be any one of ;

  Epson FX or FX
  Epson LQ or LQ
  IBM
  Okidata 393 or Oki
  HP QuietJet or QuietJet
  HP DeskJet or DeskJet - prints at 100 dpi
  HP LaserJet or LaserJet - prints at 100 dpi
  HPLJ 150 - prints at 150 dpi
  HPLJ 300 - prints at 300 dpi
  HP 7470
  HPGL Plotter or HPGL
  HP 7475
  HP 7550

  The HPLJ 150 and 300 printer options are used for 150 dpi and 300
dpi high resolution chart printing on HP PCL (Page Control Language)
printers such as the DeskJet and LaserJet and compatibles which
support this graphics resolution.

  The HP 7470, 7475 and 7550 options are used for HPGL compatible pen
plotters supporting any of these variants of HPGL (HP Graphics
Language). Note that if a chart is plotted to a file using one of
these HPGL options, it can be used as a meta-file, readable by certain
desktop publishing and word processing programs, provided better
resolution, flexibility and image control than bitmap paint files.

  Note that the printer name is not case sensitive but must be spelled
and with spacing as given in the list above.

  Example : SET PRINTER=HP LaserJet

2.6.4 SET PORT

  This environment variable (SET PORT=) can be used to specify the
default device port to be used for printing or plotting charts, and
may be any one of ;

  LPT1:
  LPT2:
  PRN:
  COM1:
  COM2:
  FILE

  Example : SET PORT=LPT1:

2.6.5 SET BEEP

  This environment variable (SET BEEP=) can be used to enable or
disable the warning 'beep' which occurs in the event of an error
occurrence during various chart functions. The state can be 'On' (SET
BEEP=ON) or 'Off' (SET BEEP=OFF). The default state is On.

2.6.6 SET SYMBOLS

  This environment variable (SET SYMBOLS=) may be used to set the
default symbol set to be used when drawing data flow diagrams and
transformation graphs. Available symbol set are Yourdon/DeMarco or
Gane & Sarson. If the SET SYMBOLS= command is not used, the default
symbol set will be Yourdon (or use SET SYMBOLS=Yourdon). To select
Gane & Sarson symbols, use SET SYMBOLS=G&S (or Gane & Sarson).

2.6.7 SET AUTO

  This environment variable (SET AUTO=) may be used to set the default
state for the auto-identify, auto-label and auto label move functions
applied to new object placement. If this command is not used, the
default is Off (same as for SET AUTO=Off, identify and label dialog
boxes will not appear automatically whenever a new object is added to
the chart and attached labels will not be moved when a labelled flow
is moved). To enable auto-identify, auto-label and auto label move,
use the command SET AUTO=On.

2.6.8 SET COLORS

  This environment variable (SET COLORS=) may be used to change some
of the colors used by EasyCASE, specifically the chart window
background, grid, object (normal and highlight) and the foreground and
background menu and prompt colors. A string is used, specified as
follows;

  SET COLORS=hcolor,ocolor,wcolor,fcolor,bcolor,gcolor

  where ;

  hcolor = color of highlighted objects in chart window
  ocolor = color of objects in chart window
  wcolor = background color for chart window
  fcolor = color of menu options, prompts etc.
  bcolor = color of menu background and chart window border
  gcolor = color of drawing grid

  Each individual color attribute must be an integer in the range 1-
15. If a particular color is not specified (color value = 0) or the
SET COLORS= command is not used, the colors will default to ;

  hcolor = 14 (yellow)
  ocolor = 11 (light cyan)
  wcolor = 1 (blue)
  fcolor = 15 (white)
  bcolor = 1 (blue)
  gcolor = 7 (gray)

  Color attribute values are ;

1 - blue, 2 - green, 3 - cyan, 4 - red, 5 - magenta, 6 - brown, 7 -
light gray, 8 - dark gray, 9 - light blue, 10 - light green, 11 -
light cyan, 12 - light red, 13 - light magenta, 14 - yellow, 15 -
white.

  Example : SET COLORS=14,15,4,14,1,3

  hcolor = 14 (yellow)
  ocolor = 15 (white)
  wcolor = 4 (red),
  fcolor = 14 ( yellow),
  bcolor = 1 (blue),
  gcolor =3 (cyan).

  Note that dialog boxes etc. may not look good when certain
background colors are chosen.

  Certain of the above SET options can also be changed within EasyCASE
via selections within the Options function dialog box, see section
5.1.1, namely Auto Identify, Auto Label, Beep On/Off and Symbol set.
The Printer and device Port to be used are selectable via the Print
function dialog box, see section 5.1.8.

2.7 Sample EasyCASE Installation and Invocation

  Below is a sample EasyCASE installation and invocation command
sequence which assumes that the EasyCASE distribution (floppy) disk is
in drive A:, is to be installed on hard disk drive C: in directory
\EASYCASE, with a charts sub-directory \EASYCASE\CHARTS, HP LaserJet
printer connected to LPT1: and initially creating a transformation
graph using the Yourdon symbol set. Note [] denotes optional command,
() denotes instruction.

     C:                            Select hard drive C:
     CD \                          Move to Root directory
     MD EASYCASE                   Make EasyCASE directory
     CD EASYCASE                   Move to EasyCASE directory
  (Place EasyCASE distribution disk in floppy drive A:)
     COPY A:EASYCASE.EXE C:        Copy EasyCASE executable file
     COPY A:*.BIN C:               Copy EasyCASE font files
     COPY A:README.DOC C:          Copy EasyCASE release file
     [PRINT README.DOC]            Print EasyCASE release file
     COPY A:EASYCASE.DOC C:        Copy EasyCASE User Guide
     [PRINT EASYCASE.DOC]          Print EasyCASE User Guide
     MD CHARTS                     Make Chart sub-directory
     COPY A:*.TRG CHARTS           Copy sample files
                                   (transformation graphs,
     COPY A:*.STD CHARTS           state transition diagrams
     COPY A:*.STC CHARTS           and structure charts
     [SET EASYCASE=C:\EASYCASE]    Sets EasyCASE Environment
     [SET CHARTS=C:\EASYCASE]      Sets Charts directory path
     [SET SYMBOLS=Yourdon]         Use Yourdon/DeMarco symbols
     [SET AUTO=On]                 Auto-identify & -label enabled
     [SET PRINTER=HP LaserJet]     Sets Printer type
     [SET PORT=LPT1:]              and device port
     [SET COLORS=14,15,1,15,1,7,7] Sets default colors
     [SET BEEP=Off]                Disable error warning beep
     EASYCASE CHARTS TRG           Start EasyCASE for a trg

  Note that the sample charts are provided to show what each object,
selectable from the main menu, for a given chart, looks like.
Additional charts are provided, as examples for the different chart
type objects available, for the Automobile Cruise Control System
(ACCS) presented in Appendix A of Structured Development for Real Time
Systems Volume 2: Essential Modeling Techniques by Paul T. Ward and
Stephen J. Mellor published by Yourdon Press (Prentice-Hall) in 1985.
All objects on these charts have been labelled and identified so they
may be printed or exported in dBASE III, Microsoft Windows Paint or PC
Paintbrush format for further investigation.

3. LICENSING

3.1 Licensing Agreement

When you register this SHAREWARE version of EasyCASE (see accompanying
registration and pricing information), Evergreen CASE Tools grants you
the right to use one copy of EasyCASE (the 'program' or 'software') on
a single computer by you, the registered user.  You may not network
the program or otherwise use it, or allow it to be used, on more than
one computer at the same time. You may not transfer copies of this
software to an unlicensed user. The original software, and any backup
copies you make, must be kept in your possession or under your
control.

You must pay for additional copies of the software, or purchase a site
licence, if more than one person is intending to use it at the same
time on one or more computers.

The program software and manual copyrights are owned by Evergreen CASE
Tools (the 'author') and is protected by United States copyright laws
and international treaty provisions.  You must treat the program and
its supporting documentation as copyrighted material.  However, you
may make a single copy of the program disk for archive purposes only
or you may copy the program to a hard disk, provided you retain the
original program disk only for archive or backup purposes.  You may
not copy the supporting documentation without the consent of the
author.

The REGISTERED version of EasyCASE is NOT a Public Domain, Shareware
or Freeware Program.

You may not rent, lease, distribute or re-sell the program or its
documentation.

You may not reverse engineer, decompile, disassemble or change the
program in any way.

The software is owned by Evergreen CASE Tools, you have purchased a
licence to use the software in accordance with the limitations listed
above, you do not own the software.

3.2 Warranty

  Evergreen CASE tools makes no warranty of any kind, express or
implied, as to the suitability of the product for a particular purpose
and shall not be liable for any damages, loss of productivity, loss of
profits or savings or any other incidental or consequential damages,
whether direct, indirect or consequential, arising from any failure of
the product to operate in any manner desired by the user for which it
was not intended or as a result of the user's inability or failure to
use the program in the manner in which it was intended. Evergreen CASE
Tools shall also not be liable for any damage to data or property
which may be caused directly or indirectly by use of the program.

  Evergreen CASE Tools shall not be expected to provide automatic or
other notification or provision of upgrades, fixes, modifications etc.
to non-registered EasyCASE users. Neither shall Evergreen CASE Tools
be obliged to provide technical support to non-registered users
concerning the use or application of EasyCASE.

  Evergreen CASE Tools shall support registered users by providing
technical support, bug-fixes, enhancements, upgrades and future
developments at a reasonable charge and in a timely manner.

3.3 Technical Support

  Technical support may be obtained, by registered users only, either
by telephone [phone]) or by letter to Evergreen CASE Tools at
the address given on the cover of this user manual. In addition, you
may leave messages and request help via CompuServe (Robert Pritt, ID #
73250,1721). When requesting technical support, please provide the
following information, to help in problem diagnosis ;

  EasyCASE version number (at top of 'welcome' screen),
  Your PC hardware configuration, particularly your Mouse and graphics
card/display types,
  Installed software such as TSRs, mouse driver etc.,
  Environment variables (use the DOS SET command),
  Chart Type,
  Function(s) used up to and at the time of the error,
  Error message, in full, if any.

  In addition, it may also be useful to provide the chart file, on a
floppy disk, if possible.

4. SCREEN, CHART WINDOW, MENUS, SCROLLING & DIALOG BOXES

4.1 Start Up

  When EasyCASE is first started, an introductory screen will appear
detailing the program, its capabilities, its version number and
creation date. Press any key, when requested, to start the program.

  If the desired initial chart type, chart file and/or project sub-
directory have not been entered via the command line (see Installation
section), a dialog box will appear. Select the initial chart type box
(you can select a different chart type from within the program also)
using the mouse (left button) or Tab, Spacebar and Enter keys, from
the available list ;

 DFD - Data Flow Diagram,
 TRG - Transformation Graph,
 STD - State Transition Diagram,
 STC - Structure Chart,
 ERD - Entity Relationship Diagram,
 DSD - Data Structure Diagram.

  When the desired chart has been selected, the drawing area will
appear in the form of an outline, grid and menu in the colors, if any,
previously selected (see Installation section). A mouse cursor
(pointer) should appear somewhere in the drawing area, provided a
mouse is connected. At the top left of the screen is a pair of numbers
(initially 1,1) signifying the offset of the chart symbol position
currently on display at the top, left corner of the chart window. If a
chart file was specified on the command line, that chart will now be
loaded. If not, the filename will default to 'New' with an extension
corresponding to the current chart type (see above).

4.2 Chart Drawing Area

  Chart. The convention used is that the total available drawing area
is based on a 32 column by 32 row symbol matrix (1024 possible symbol
positions) which is spread over several narrow (A-size) or wide (B-
size) paper printout sheets (3 horizontally by 2 vertically for A-size
portrait orientation paper). The user is encouraged to design charts
which will each fit on a single sheet of paper, so encouraging the
concept of structured development, in which a chart should ideally
consist of 7 +/- 2 objects (this is apparently the optimum number of
objects the brain can associate with at a time, the same principal
holds true when designing charts for overheads etc.). If you have ever
seen a DFD etc. with over a dozen objects on a piece of A-size paper
you'll understand why, it gets hard to easily comprehend the point and
structure of the problem being presented. Typically, the entire chart
area is used for creating top level data flow diagrams, transformation
graphs etc. on which all functions derived during the requirements
analysis are placed. During the functional decomposition stage of the
analysis, this DFD would be broken down into a number of more
manageable charts, each of which may be organized so as to fit on a
single sheet of paper for presentation or documentation purposes.

  Chart Window. The chart window is shown by a rectangular white
outline at the left, top and bottom edges of the screen and just to
the left of the main menu at the right side of the screen. All
charting operations, object placement and manipulation, scrolling etc.
occur within this window.

  Grid. The complete drawing area (chart) is arranged in the form of a
grid capable of holding up to 32 symbols horizontally and up to 32
symbols vertically. The closely spaced grid dots in the chart window
show the positions which can be occupied by a symbol and is 72 pixels
wide by 48 pixels high. The chart window (inside the Yellow outline)
shows 8 horizontal by 7 vertical such symbol positions. A 'snap grid'
is used. A symbol is always placed inside one of the 16 column, row
(1024 available symbol) positions denoted by the closely spaced grid
dots. Flow, connection, transition intermediate and start and end
points 'snap' to the more widely spaced grid dots. Arrows, labels and
text blocks also 'snap' to the widely spaced grid dots though text can
be moved horizontally and vertically in increments of half these grid
dot spacing. Note that the grid will be drawn in the color (default is
Cyan) specified in the COLORS DOS environment variable as described
previously, in the Installation section.

4.3 Menu Selection

  All charting functions are selected from the menu at the right hand
side of the screen. The menu is always visible and is activated either
by moving the mouse pointer into the menu area (crossing the right
edge of the chart window), at which point the inverse bar will move to
highlight the menu option under the mouse pointer, clicking the right
mouse button or pressing the F1 function key. In the latter case, the
previously selected menu option will be highlighted (inverted) and a
prompt will appear at the top of the screen requesting you to select
an option from the menu. The highlight (selection) bar can be moved up
and down over possible options using the mouse or the up/down arrow
keys.

  The desired option is selected by either clicking the left mouse
button or pressing the Enter key when the highlight bar is over the
desired option. Pressing the Escape key, clicking the right mouse
button or moving the mouse cursor out of the menu area, across the
right edge of the chart window, back into the drawing area will cancel
the menu selection process.

 Note that certain options, namely those concerned with object
manipulation (Place, Move, Delete, Change, Identify and Label Object)
are repeatable and may be re-selected simply by clicking the left
mouse button with the mouse pointer anywhere in the chart window. The
object under the mouse pointer will be automatically selected for the
previously selected main menu option.

4.4 Scrolling

  The chart can be scrolled to show any  8 column by 7 row portion of
the chart in the chart window, using either the mouse or the keyboard
as previously described. In the context of scrolling, scroll left
(right) means that the window moves over the chart toward the left
(right) edge of the chart, scroll up (down) means that the window
moves over the chart toward the top (bottom) edge of the chart.

  Yellow colored lines appear on the grid when the left/right and
top/bottom edges of the currently selected paper size and orientation
for the currently selected printer type are reached.

  The other grid dots within symbol position outlines in the chart
window show the discrete positions at which points can be placed when
routing connections, placing arrows, text etc. and are positioned 12
pixels apart horizontally and 8 pixels apart vertically.

 Scrolling using the mouse :

 Hold the right mouse button down and drag the mouse pointer (cursor)
to the edge of the chart window in the direction you wish to scroll.
Initially, dragging the mouse pointer to the top or left of the chart
window will have no effect since the window is displaying the top left
area of the chart. Each time the mouse pointer is moved to the edge of
the chart window with the right button held down, the chart will be
scrolled by 1 row or column in that direction. Note that if the right
mouse button is pressed and released, while the mouse pointer is
located in the chart window and an object is being manipulated,
without performing a scrolling operation, this acts as a CANCEL and
behaves in functionally the same manner as if the Escape key had been
pressed.

 Scrolling using the keyboard :

 Hold down the control key (Ctrl) while pressing one of the direction
arrow or editing keypad keys as follows.

 Ctrl + Left Arrow - scroll chart left (1 column),
 Ctrl + Right Arrow - scroll chart right (1 column),
 PgUp - scroll chart up (1 row),
 Ctrl + PgUp - scroll chart up (4 rows),
 PdDn - scroll chart down (1 row),
 Ctrl + PgDn - scroll chart down (4 rows),
 Ctrl + Home - scroll to top left of chart,
 Ctrl + End - scroll to bottom right of chart,
 Ins - scroll left (4 columns),
 Del - scroll right (4 columns).

  In both the above cases, while scrolling, initially attempting to
scroll left or up will have no effect as the window is showing the top
left area of the chart. Also, scrolling will only occur until the
extremities of the chart are reached (row #32 and column #32), at
which point a beep will be heard.

  As scrolling occurs, the numbers at the top, left hand corner of the
screen (initially 1, 1) will change to show the chart coordinate of
the symbol position currently visible at the top left corner of the
chart window. The first is the column and the second is the row
number.

  Also, while scrolling, yellow horizontal and/or vertical lines will
appear in the window at symbol column and row positions corresponding
to the right and bottom edges of each sheet of paper on which a chart
can fit when printed, according to the default or selected printer
type, paper size and orientation (you can specify the default printer
type using a DOS environment variable (described in the Installation
section) prior to invoking EasyCASE or you can set it via the Print
option selectable from the main menu, described later). Horizontal
and/or Vertical yellow dotted lines will also appear at the left and
top edges of the chart window when the top, left hand corner of the
chart is in view, corresponding to the left and top edges of a sheet
of paper.

Note that the page edge indications are drawn in the color (default is
Yellow) specified for highlighted objects in the
COLORS DOS environment variable described previously, in the
Installation section.

4.5 Dialog Boxes

  Pop-up dialog boxes are used in many of the charting functions and
menu selections to determine options required by the user. Each dialog
box contains at least one of the following, and may consist of several
of the same or different, option selection methods.

4.5.1 Selection Box

  This dialog box option is used in the case whereby a simple Yes/No
or OK/Cancel type of response is required. To select the appropriate
response, click the left mouse button with the mouse pointer inside
the appropriate dialog option box or use the Tab or Shift+Tab key to
move forward or backward respectively through the available options
(the active option will become highlighted and capitalized) and then
press the Enter key or Spacebar to select that option. Pressing the
Escape key or selecting the Cancel or No option from the dialog box
will cancel any selection(s) made.

4.5.2 Input Box

  This dialog box option is used when it is necessary to get a string
of text from the user. The default or current text string will
initially be displayed in the text input box, which may be one or more
lines long, and will initially be highlighted. Entering any text
character will cause the initially highlighted text string to be
replaced by any text character(s) entered from the keyboard. If it is
only necessary to modify (edit), rather than replace, the initial text
string, start by pressing one of the edit keys.

  When Editing text in an Input Box, the cursor control and editing
keypad keys are used as follows:

  Left or Right Arrow - move the cursor back and forth along the text
string, one character at a time.
  Home or End - moves the cursor to the start or end respectively of
the text string respectively.
  The mouse can also be used to move the cursor to any character on
the text string by moving the mouse pointer over any character and
clicking the left mouse button.
  Backspace - deletes the character to the left of the cursor.
  Control+End - key combination toggles between Insert (Default) and
overstrike modes.
  Control+Right Arrow or Control+Left Arrow - key combinations are
used to select text characters to the right and left respectively.
  Control+Up Arrow or Control+Down Arrow - key combinations are used
to select text characters up and down between lines respectively.
  The mouse can also be used to select text, by dragging the mouse
pointer over text characters with the left button held down.
  Insert or Delete - used for inserting (paste) or deleting (cut)
selected text from and to a 'cut and paste' buffer. If used on a
single character, the Delete key will erase the character under the
cursor.
  If any text is selected, any character(s) typed will replace the
selected text.
  If an Input Box allows for several lines of text, the Up and Down
Arrow keys move the cursor up and down between text lines.
  Tab or Shift+Tab keys - used to move the cursor up and down
respectively to the start of the next or previous line respectively.
  Enter - key enters the text string into the dialog box and steps on
to the next option (normally the OK option dialog box).

4.5.3 Pushbutton

  This dialog box option is used to select between a list of available
options and is used when only one option is required to be selected
from a linked list of options. An option is selected either by
clicking the left mouse button with the mouse pointer over either the
option 'button', the associated option text string or by using the Tab
and Shift+Tab keys to move forward and backward through the option
list and pressing the Enter key or Spacebar to toggle the highlighted
option on/off. The option selected from the list is active if the
button (a small circle) to the left of the option text is filled. All
other options in the list are inactive and are denoted by their button
being unfilled. That is, only one option in the list can be active.
Pressing the Enter key with the OK dialog box highlighted or selecting
the OK dialog box using the mouse will make the option state active.
Pressing the Escape key or selecting the Cancel dialog box will cancel
any option changed and leave it at the original state.

4.5.4 Check Box

  This dialog box option is used to set the on/off state of an option.
The option is selected by clicking the left mouse button with the
mouse pointer over the option to be modified. Alternatively, the Tab
and Shift/Tab keys can be used to step forward or backward through the
options list until the desired option is highlighted and capitalized.
Pressing the spacebar will then toggle that option on and off. The
option is On if an 'X' is shown to the left of the option text and Off
otherwise. Pressing the Enter key with the OK dialog box highlighted
or selecting the OK dialog box using the mouse will make the option
state active. Pressing the Escape key or selecting the Cancel dialog
box will cancel any option changed and leave it at the original state.

4.5.5 List Box

  This dialog box option is used when there is a list of available
options available from which the user may choose one item. List boxes
are used to present a list of chart filenames available for loading or
a list of available object identifiers.

  Use the Tab or Shift+Tab keys to move the highlight bar into the
list box and then use the arrow keys or alphanumeric keys to move to
the desired list item and press the Spacebar or Enter key to select
that item.

  Pressing an alphanumeric key moves the highlight bar to the next
entry in the list with that first character.

  Alternatively, use the mouse to select the desired list item by
clicking the left mouse button with the mouse pointer over the desired
item.

  If you place the mouse pointer somewhere inside the item list box
and press the left mouse button, the highlight bar will be placed over
that item. Pressing the left mouse button again or selecting the OK
dialog box will select that item from the list.

  If you place the mouse pointer somewhere inside the item list box
and press the left mouse button, the highlight bar will be placed over
that item. Pressing the left mouse button, holding it down and then
moving the mouse will move the highlight bar through the various list
items. Releasing the left mouse button will select the list item
currently highlighted.

  Select the OK dialog box and press the Enter key or select the OK
dialog box using the mouse to complete selection of the desired list
item.

4.5.6 Cancel Dialog Box

  A dialog box action may be cancelled either by pressing the Escape
key or by selecting the No or Cancel dialog selection box option, if
provided. When a dialog box is cancelled, the action is also cancelled
and no change is made.

4.5.7 Cancel Charting Operation

  At any time while an object in the chart windows is being
manipulated, after being selected from the main menu or repeat
operation, the function may be cancelled in one of two ways, either by
pressing the Escape key or pressing the right mouse button without
invoking the scroll operation (see above). Note that dialog boxes can
only be cancelled using the Escape key or selecting the No or Cancel
option using the mouse. Pressing the right mouse button with a dialog
box on screen will have no effect.

4.6 Object Selection

  An object may be a Symbol (for example, an External Entity, Data
Process, Module etc.), Connection (including Data and Control Flows
and Transitions), Data or Control Flow Couples (structure chart) or a
Text Block. An object needs to be selected whenever an object
manipulation option (Place/Add, Move, Delete, Label, Identify etc.) is
selected from the main menu either directly or indirectly (via repeat
selection based on the previously selected main menu object
manipulation option).

  An object is selected, when required, by moving the mouse pointer
over the object's 'hot-spot' and then clicking the left mouse button,
actual object selection occurring on release of the left mouse button.

  In the case of a symbol, the object 'hot-spot' is anywhere inside
the fine grid outline, an area 72 pixels wide by 48 pixels high in
normal (not zoom) mode. In zoom mode, this area is halved. In the case
of a TRG Interface, TRG Split/Merge or an STC Continuation symbol, the
object 'hot-spot' is within the outline only of the symbol.

  In the case of a DFD or TRG Flow; STD Transition; STC, ERD or DSD
Connection, the object 'hot-spot' is a small yellow box mid-way along
the middle line segment.

  In the case of an STC Data or Control Couple, the object 'hot-spot'
is the circular base of the Arrow.

  In the case of a Text Block or object text Label, the object 'hot-
spot' is anywhere inside an outline created by the height of all the
lines of text and the width of the longest line of text in the text
block.

  The order of selection of objects (important only if different
object 'hot-spots' are very close together or coincident) is Flow (or
connection or transition), Arrow, Flow Label, Couple Label, Text Block
and Symbol.

  When selecting an object other than a symbol, the mouse pointer does
not need to be exactly over the object 'hot-spot', some tolerance is
allowed, generally +/- 5 pixels in normal mode.

4.7 Zoom mode

  Zoom mode provides all the functions of Normal mode, with the
exception that text labels are shown either small (3x5) text
characters, for zoom=2 (half size) mode or in 'greeked' (small blocks
rather than regular, readable text) form for zoom=4 (quarter, whole
chart visible) mode. All symbols, connections, arrowheads, arrows etc.
are shown either half-size (zoom=2 mode) or quarter size (zoom=4
mode). In zoom=2 mode, the displayed symbol grid is halved to 36
points horizontally by 24 points vertically. The Grid is not displayed
in zoom=4 mode. The connection point placement grid is also halved to
6 points horizontally by 4 points vertically. Text block placement
accuracy is 3 points horizontally by 4 points vertically.

  In Zoom=2 mode, 16 horizontal chart columns and 14 vertical chart
rows are shown in the chart window. The chart can be scrolled left or
right in zoom mode. The chart can be scrolled down also in zoom mode.

  The page breaks displayed (using dotted yellow lines) will vary
according to the type of printer, resolution, page size (narrow or
wide) and orientation (portrait or landscape) selected.

  Zoom mode is most effective for laying out the entire page-size
chart in rough form. Normal mode is then selected to more accurately
place connections and text labels. The page breaks displayed (using
dotted yellow lines) will vary according to the type of printer,
resolution, page size (narrow or wide) and orientation (portrait or
landscape) currently selected.

  To view a label in zoom=4 mode without changing it, select the Label
option from the main menu and select the object(s) in turn whose label
is to be viewed and then press the Escape key.

4.8 Preview mode

  Preview mode shows the chart in either half or quarter size, as for
Zoom mode, with the exception that it is not possible to edit the
chart and the drawing grid is not displayed. The purpose of preview
mode is to provide a representation of what the chart will look like
when printed in either portrait or landscape orientation on narrow or
wide paper.

  The preview mode can be accessed from the Print dialog box when the
Print option is selected from the menu. The page breaks displayed
(using dotted yellow lines) will vary according to the type of
printer, resolution, page size (narrow or wide) and orientation
(portrait or landscape) selected.

Note that in zoom and preview modes, the page edge indications are
drawn in the color (default is Yellow) specified for highlighted
objects in the COLORS DOS environment variable described previously,
in the Installation section.

4.9 Automatic Identification and Labelling of Objects

  Whenever a new object (symbol, flow, connection, transition or
couple) is added to a transformation graph, state transition diagram
or structure chart, the Identify function can be automatically
invoked. This is to remind the user to identify the object at the time
of addition to the chart. The user can then choose to either enter a
text identifier or abort the identify function, leaving the object on
the chart but not identified.

  Whenever an object is identified, either automatically as just
described or via selection from the menu, the Label function can be
automatically invoked. This is to remind the user to label the object
at the time of addition to the chart. The user can then either choose
to enter a text label or abort the label function, leaving the object
on the chart but not labelled.

  Selection of manual or automatic Identification and/or Labelling of
new objects is selected via the Chart Options selection from the main
menu described later.

  The reasoning behind providing this automatic invocation of the
Identify and Label functions is that it is easier to identify and
label objects as they are added to the chart rather than have to
select each object in turn after addition and then identify and label
each one, possibly risking missing one or more objects.

  Note that it is not mandatory to identify an object. However, doing
so produces much more useful chart data dictionary export files for
analysis and reporting using dBase III+, Lotus 1-2-3 or Microsoft
Excel, PC File:dB etc, later.

  In addition, identifying and labeling objects as they are added to
the chart enables the identifiers to be re-used later on the same
chart removing the need to re-enter and format labels. If an object is
identified with a previously entered identifier, the new object takes
on the associated label and so need not be re-entered. Conversely, if
a number of objects have the same identifier, changing the label on
any one of those objects causes all similarly identified objects to be
re-labelled with the new label.

  Also, in the case of flows (trg only), changing the number of
arrowheads or type (data/control) of a flow, also results in the same
change being applied to any other flows with the same identifier.
Similarly, changing a Couple (stc only) type (data/control) also
results in any other couples, with the same identifier, being changed
in the same manner.

4.10 Object Identification

  The method of object identification used is up to the user. However,
a suggested method is as follows;

  For Symbols, assign each symbol an identifier appropriate to the
symbol's position in the program hierarchy. For example, the central
object in the context diagram (level 0) is generally numbered 0.0, the
next level (1) under that having processes numbered 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 etc.
Under process 1.0, the sub-processes (level 2) are generally numbered
1.1, 1.2, 1.3 etc. and under process 2.0 (also level 2), sub-processes
are generally numbered 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 etc. This approach continues down
through each level in the process hierarchy (level 3 - 1.1.1, 1.1.2;
1.2.1, 1.2.2; 2.1.1, 2.1.2 etc..) until primitive processes are
reached. This numeric identifier is not shown on the chart so it is
helpful if the first line of the label is dedicated to showing this
identifier to enable easy recognition and future use of the
identifier.

  For Flows, Connections, Transitions and Couples the identifier is
generally assigned a meaningful representation, either in whole or in
abbreviated (mnemonic) form, of the name of the connection as it will
appear in the label. This method is used because connections are not
necessarily level related. A mnemonic name may be defined which
encompasses, perhaps in abbreviated form, a combination of the type,
name and/or scope of the connection. In the case of an Arrow on a
structure chart, the identifier and/or label may take on the name of
the corresponding flow on the corresponding transformation graph as
there is a 1:1 relationship between the processes and flows on a
transformation graph with the functions and flow connections on a
structure chart at any given level.

5. Chart OPTIONS

  The following menu selection options relate to manipulation of the
chart, chart window or drawing area and are NOT repeatable allowing
these functions to be selected while manipulating objects without
disturbing the repeatability of the Add, Move, Delete, Label, Identify
etc. functions.

5.1 Set Chart OPTIONS

  This option is used to set the On/Off state of a number of charting
options as follows.

Selecting An Option

  To set the state of an option, select the Set Options entry from the
Chart menu using the mouse or keyboard.

  In the pop-up dialog options box, which appears, select the desired
option using the mouse or keyboard as follows:

  Using the mouse.  Locate the mouse cursor over the desired option
and press the left mouse button until the desired state is selected.
An 'X' character to the left of the option indicates that the option
is On, otherwise the option is Off.

  Then move the mouse cursor over the OK dialog box and press the
mouse button to select the option.

  Select the Cancel dialog box to cancel this option.

  Using the keyboard.  Press the Tab key until the desired option is
highlighted and then press the spacebar until the desired option state
is selected.

  Then press the Tab key until the OK dialog box is highlighted and
press Enter to select the option.

  Press the Tab key to select the Cancel dialog box and press Enter to
cancel this option. Alternatively, press the Escape key.

5.1.1 Auto Label Move

  This is an option, selected via the Set Options entry in the chart
menu.  It is used to set whether the labels attached to flows,
connections or transitions are automatically moved whenever the
connection is moved either (a) directly using the move menu option or
(b) indirectly by moving a symbol to which the connection is attached.

  When this option is On, moving a connection (or flow or transition)
will result in the attached label moving to a new position determined
from the relative movement of the connection's 'link' point (the small
yellow rectangle midway along the middle segment of a connection).

  When this option is Off, the label attached to a 'moved' connection
will NOT move correspondingly.

5.1.2 Allow Manual Label Placement

  This option is used to set whether the position of a label can be
manually adjusted, using either the keyboard or the mouse, whenever it
first appears on the chart as a result of either (a) labelling a newly
placed object or (b) a currently selected object inheriting a (new)
label as a result of being identified or re-identified.

  When this option is On, whenever a label is placed on the chart it
will appear highlighted (yellow) and its position can be adjusted by
using the keyboard arrow keys (up, down, left and right arrow keys
move the character in each direction by a distance equal to a single
character height and width steps).

  Pressing the Enter key places the label text block at its current
position.

  Alternatively, the label can be placed at a new position using the
mouse by pressing the left mouse button with the tip of the mouse
pointer at the desired location of the top left of the label text.

5.1.3 Display Grid

  This option is used to select whether or not a grid is shown on the
screen. This affects only the display of the grid, the grid is always
active and defines where objects can be placed. Selecting this option
enables toggling between the On and Off grid display states. Note :
the drawing grid does not appear in either of the zoom=4 or preview=4
(quarter chart size) modes.

5.1.4 Automatic Routing

  This option is used to set the flow, connection or transition
routing characteristic for the current chart. With automatic
connection routing enabled (On), while routing a connection, setting a
pair of consecutive points diagonally apart will result in an embedded
algorithm determining the best path (based on current, previous and
past point positions and, if appropriate, source and destination
symbol type, size and direction of connection entry and/or exit) for
the connection. This is achieved by inserting an appropriate number of
line segments so that the last two points placed will be connected by
orthogonal, rather than diagonal, line segments. In some cases, two
segments may be used (at right angles to each other with the
appropriate turning direction) whilst in other cases three segments
may be used. With the auto flow routing option disabled (Off), a
single diagonal connection will be drawn between a pair of points
placed diagonally apart.

  For data flow diagrams, transformation graphs and state transition
diagrams, the default state for this option is On, whilst for
structure charts, data structure diagrams and entity-relationship
diagrams, the default state is Off.

  The desired option state is selected by toggling the option marker
check box in the dialog box, between the on and off states, to the
desired state.

  Note, the status of this option is saved with, and subsequently re-
loaded from, the chart file.

5.1.5 Automatic Identification

  This option is used to select whether or not the Identify option is
to be automatically invoked whenever a new Object (Symbol, Flow,
Connection, Transition, Interface, Arrow) is added to the chart. If
so, following placement of a new object, the Identifier dialog box
will pop-up allowing the user to enter either a new identifier for the
object or choose from a list of current, applicable identifiers from
the list, if any, presented. This function is described in more detail
later. If not enabled, the object may be identified later via the
Identify option from the main menu. Note that even if this option is
enabled, the object does not have to be Identified, pressing the
Escape key or selecting the Cancel dialog box will cancel the Identify
function and leave the object not identified.

  The desired option state is selected by toggling the check box in
the dialog box, between the on and off states, to the desired state.

  The default state for this option is Off and may also be defined via
the SET AUTO= command entered at the DOS prompt prior to EasyCASE
invocation.

5.1.6 Automatic Labeling

  This option is used to select whether or not the Label option is to
be automatically invoked whenever a new Object is added to the chart.
If so, following placement of a new object, and identification if
enabled, the Label input box will pop-up allowing the user to enter a
label for the object. This function is described in more later. If not
enabled, the object may be labelled later via the Label option in the
main menu. Note that if this option is enabled, the Label input box
will also pop-up if a previously non-identified and non-labelled
object is selected for identification. Also, even if this option is
enabled, the object does not have to be labelled, pressing the Escape
key will cancel the Label function and leave the object non-labelled.

  The desired option state is selected by toggling the check box in
the dialog box, between the on and off states, to the desired state.

  The default state for this option is Off and may also be defined via
the SET AUTO= command entered at the DOS prompt prior to EasyCASE
invocation.

5.1.7 Symbol Set

  This option is used to the select the appearance of the symbol set
used in the creation of data flow diagrams and transformation graphs.
Two alternative, complementary symbol sets are available, those
symbols defined by Yourdon and DeMarco or those defined by Gane and
Sarson. The charting functions are the same for both symbol sets, only
symbol appearance changes. The default is the Yourdon/DeMarco symbol
set. The resident symbol set may also be defined via the SET SYMBOLS=
command issued at the DOS prompt prior to EasyCASE invocation.

5.1.8 Error Beep

  This option determines if a 'beep' will be heard, if On, from your
computer's loudspeaker, in addition to a visual prompt or error
message on the top screen line, if an error etc. occurs when entering
information, manipulating objects, saving chart files, printing,
plotting etc. If not enabled (Off), only the visual message will be
seen.

5.2 Define Number Of Arrowheads On Flows

  This option is used to select the default flow or connection
arrowhead characteristics for the current chart. The Change Number of
Arrowheads function defined elsewhere is used to change the arrowheads
characteristic for a single flow or connection after it has been
drawn. The Define Arrowheads function (described here) defines the
(default) arrowheads characteristic for all future flows or
connections to be drawn.

  This function is invoked by selecting the Change Arrowheads option
from the main menu, which takes the form of a horizontal line with the
currently defined (default) number of arrowheads attached. Once
selected, a pop-up dialog box will appear offering the arrowhead
characteristics available, as previously described.

   On selecting the desired number of arrowheads from the list, made
available in the dialog box, the current state will initially be shown
highlighted. Selecting the Yes dialog option will cause the default
number of flow or connection arrowheads to be set to this number for
future flows or connections. Selecting the No dialog option or
pressing the Escape key will cancel the selection and leave the
default number of flow or connection arrowheads unchanged.

5.3 Select Chart Type (Type)

  This option is used to select the required chart type. It is
possible to select from the five chart types described previously;
data flow diagram (dfd), transformation graph (trg), state transition
diagram (std), structure chart (stc), data structure diagram (dsd) and
entity-relationship diagram (erd) from inside the program.

  Selecting this option from the main menu will cause a prompt to
appear at the top of the screen requesting you to select the desired
chart type from the pop-up dialog box which appears. Select the
desired new chart type from the list of available chart types using
the mouse (you can double click on a chart type to select it) or
keyboard.

  If the current chart has been modified since it last saved, you will
be prompted to save it (see below), after which the chart will be
cleared and the main menu updated for the new chart type. Note that
Automatic Routing is enabled for DFDs, transformation graphs and state
transition diagrams, but is disabled for structure charts and ERDs.

  If the currently loaded chart has been changed since it was last
worked on, you will prompted, via a pop-up dialog box,  to save it,
discard the changes or cancel the change chart function.

  To save the currently loaded (changed) chart, select the Yes dialog
box option and use the default filename supplied or enter a new
filename in the text input box. Selecting the Yes option will save the
chart using the specified or default filename and then present you
with the chart types dialog box.

  Note that if you decide to save a changed chart and the filename you
choose already exists, you will be prompted, via a pop-up dialog box,
to decide whether to over-write the existing file or not. Selecting
the Yes dialog box option will save the currently loaded chart using
the selected filename and over-writing the existing file after first
copying it to a backup (.bak) file. Selecting the No dialog box option
or pressing the Escape key will cancel the chart save and also the
chart change function, returning you to chart editing.

  If you wish to discard any changes made to the currently loaded
chart when changing the chart type, select the No dialog box option.
The chart will NOT be saved and you will be presented with the chart
type dialog box.

  If you wish to cancel the chart change function at any time, press
the Escape key or select the Cancel dialog box option. In this case,
you will be returned to the chart editor and the currently loaded
chart and chart type will remain unchanged. The internal 'chart
changed' flag will remain set so that you will be presented with the
option to save a changed chart should you later decide to perform an
operation which would require the option to save the changed chart.

5.4 Re-Draw

  This option is used to re-draw the area of the chart currently being
displayed in the chart window. Select this option if the screen has
become corrupted as a result of object moves and/or deletions to
restore the display.

5.5 Clear

  This option is used to clear the current chart and display area.

  Selecting this option from the main menu will result in a dialog box
popping-up requesting you to confirm clearing of the current chart. If
so, and the current chart has been updated since it was last saved,
you will be prompted to save or discard it (see below).

  The program, chart and screen will then be cleared for creation of a
new chart, which will have the default filename of 'New'. The main
menu will also updated to show the new chart type. Note that Automatic
Routing is enabled for DFDs, transformation graphs and state
transition diagrams, but is disabled for structure charts and ERDs.

  If the currently loaded chart has been changed since it was last
worked on, you will prompted, via a pop-up dialog box,  to save it,
discard the changes or cancel the change chart function.

  To save the currently loaded (changed) chart, select the Yes dialog
box option and use the default filename supplied or enter a new
filename in the text input box. Selecting the Yes option will save the
chart using the specified or default filename and then prior to
clearing the chart workspace.

  Note that if you decide to save a changed chart and the filename you
choose already exists, you will be prompted, via a pop-up dialog box,
to decide whether to over-write the existing file or not. Selecting
the Yes dialog box option will save the currently loaded chart using
the selected filename and over-writing the existing file after first
copying it to a backup (.bak) file. Selecting the No dialog box option
or pressing the Escape key will cancel the chart save and also the
chart clear function, returning you to chart editing.

  If you wish to discard any changes made to the currently loaded
chart when choosing to clear the chart, select the No dialog box
option. The chart will NOT be saved and the chart workspace will be
cleared.

  If you wish to cancel the chart clear function at any time, press
the Escape key or select the Cancel dialog box option. In this case,
you will be returned to the chart editor and the currently loaded
chart will remain unchanged. The internal 'chart changed' flag will
remain set so that you will be presented with the option to save a
changed chart should you later decide to perform an operation which
would require the option to save the changed chart.

5.6 Zoom

  This function is used to re-size the chart so that the a 16 column
by 14 row portion of, or the entire, chart is shown in the chart area.
Objects can be modified as in the full size, normal chart mode with
the exception that text is displayed in small (3x5) text characters or
'greeked' (small blocks instead of text characters). However, in the
case of text, text strings are shown normally in input boxes. When
editing objects in zoom mode, it is slightly more difficult to select,
move and place objects as accurately, due to the halving of
resolution. In the case of difficult to select objects, it is
advisable to switch back to normal mode.

  The page breaks displayed (using dotted yellow lines) will vary
according to the type of printer, resolution, page size (narrow or
wide) and orientation (portrait or landscape) currently selected.

5.7 DOS

  Select this option from the main menu to gain access to the DOS
prompt. If the currently loaded chart has been modified since it was
saved, you will be prompted to save it. Saving the chart is highly
recommended when accessing the DOS prompt as running another program
can corrupt EasyCASE and cause failure to return. The amount of memory
available to run another program from inside EasyCASE is limited as
EasyCASE remains loaded in memory.

  When you are finished accessing the DOS prompt, type EXIT to return
to EasyCASE.

5.8 Exit

  Select this option from the main menu to terminate the program and
return to the DOS prompt. On selecting this option, you will be
prompted to confirm Exit to DOS via the pop-up dialog box which
appears. Select the Yes option if you definitely want to terminate the
program and return to DOS. Select the No dialog option or press the
Escape key to abort the Exit option and return to the charting
facility. The default for the Exit option is No.

  The Exit function may also be invoked, while the mouse pointer is
inside the chart window (not the main menu) area, by holding down the
Control and C keys simultaneously.

  If you select Yes to terminate and return to DOS, and the chart has
been updated since it was last saved, you will be offered the chance
to save the file via a pop-up dialog box, prior to exit. The dialog
box will present the current pathname and filename (resulting from a
previous chart load or save) in a text input box, initially
highlighted.

  If the pathname and filename presented are acceptable, select the
Yes dialog option to save the chart. If necessary, the current
pathname and/or filename can be replaced or edited as previously
defined for input dialog box editing and then the Yes option selected,
to save the file under a different filename and/or in a different sub-
directory.

  Selecting the No (default) dialog option will result in the chart
NOT being saved and the program will terminate and return to the DOS
prompt.

  Note that pressing the Escape key at the save chart option will
abort the entire Exit (and Save) operation and return you to the
charting facility.

6. LOADING, SAVING & EXPORTING CHART FILES

6.1 Save Chart File

  This option is used to save the currently loaded  chart to a disk
file.

  Select the Save option from the main menu using the mouse or
keyboard and, in the dialog box which then appears, modify the
pathname and/or filename as necessary, using the keyboard to select
and enter text into the path/filename box, and then select Yes to save
the chart with that filename in the selected (pathname) sub-directory.

  If the chart was previously loaded from, or saved to, disk the
filename box will contain it's pathname and filename. Otherwise, if
this is the first time a new chart is to be saved, a default filename
of 'New' will be used, unless an alternative filename is entered.

  Note that it is not necessary to supply a filename extension, this
defaults to the current chart type (.trg, .std or .stc).

  If the filename you have specified or chosen already exists, you
will prompted to decide if you wish to over-write the existing file.
Selecting Yes will cause the currently loaded chart to be written to
the specified filename, over-writing the existing file.

  Selecting No, Cancel or pressing the Escape key will cancel the save
operation and the file will not be saved. The internal 'chart saved'
flag will not be erased so you will be reminded to save the file prior
to attempting to re-save the file, change chart type or exit the
program.

  By default, the chart will be saved in the sub-directory specified
on the command line at EasyCASE invocation (see the Installation
section).

  It is possible to save a file to a different drive by entering the
drive name (eg. A: or B:), in front of the pathname and/or filename,
in the input box.

  Note that whenever a chart is saved, the previous chart file is
saved in a backup file in case a major error is discovered before
saving the chart again enabling the previous chart state to be
recovered. For example, if the current chart being worked on is
accs.trg, saving the chart will result in the previous chart being
copied to file accs.bak and the current chart being saved as filename
accs.trg.

6.2 Load Chart File

  This option is used to load a chart file from disk.

  Select the Load option from the main menu using the mouse or
keyboard and, in the dialog box which appears, modify the pathname as
necessary using the keyboard to select and enter text into the
pathname input box.

  If you wish to load a file from any sub-directory path other than
shown in the Pathname field, select that field by using the Tab key
and enter the desired path, using the keyboard, and then press the
Enter key. The current pathname will be initially highlighted.
Entering any character will remove the current pathname and a new
pathname can be entered. If it is only necessary to edit the current
pathname, use an edit key first to remove the pathname highlight.
Alternatively, select a different sub-directory from the filename/sub-
directories list which will appear.

  By default, the chart will be loaded from the sub-directory
specified on the command line at EasyCASE invocation (see
Installation).

  A list of all available files in the current or specified sub-
directory, and also any sub-directories within the current charts
directory, will then be shown. Note that only files available for
loading of the currently selected chart type and with the
corresponding extension (.trg for transformation graphs, .dfd for data
flow diagrams, .std for state transition diagrams, .erd for entity
relationship diagrams and .stc for structure chart files), if any,
will be displayed.

  When the list of available files and sub-directories appears, select
the desired chart either by 'double-clicking' the left mouse button on
the filename, clicking the mouse button on the desired filename and
then selecting the OK dialog button or by moving the highlight bar
over the required filename using the cursor keypad keys and pressing
the enter key. Whenever a filename is selected from the list, using
the mouse or keyboard, it will be highlighted. Alternatively, select
the appropriate sub-directory pathname to switch to that sub-
directory. In DOS convention, a single period (.) denotes the current
sub-directory, whilst a double period (..) denotes the parent
directory (next level up in the directory structure).

  If a directory entry is selected, the list will be updated to show
all available files and sub-directories within that directory.

  It is possible to jump around the filename list by pressing an
alphanumeric key, in which case the highlight bar will jump to the
first filename with that first character. If there are more files
available than can be shown in the filename list window, a scrollbar
will appear at the bottom of the list window and can be used to scroll
through the complete available filename list using either the mouse or
cursor keys.

  It is possible to load a file from a different drive by entering the
drive name (eg. A: or B:), in front of the pathname and/or filename,
in the input box.

  If the current chart has been modified since it was last saved, you
will be prompted to Save it. Selecting No at the Save File prompt will
discard the current chart and it will NOT be saved. Selecting No at
the Load File prompt will cancel the chart file load function leaving
the current chart loaded.

  Pressing the Escape key will cancel the Load Chart function.

6.3 Export Chart File

  This option is used to export the chart in Bitmap graphics form to a
Microsoft Windows Paint or PC Paintbrush (also Microsoft Paintbrush)
format file or chart data in record/field form to a dBase III format
file. A dialog box appears on the screen and a prompt appears at the
top of the screen requesting you to select the desired export file
format (default is dBASE III PLUS).

  Select the Export option from the main menu using the mouse or
keyboard. You are then required to select the desired export file
format from the dialog list box which then appears. Select the desired
export file type using the mouse or keyboard and then select the OK
dialog button.

 Selecting the Cancel button or pressing the Escape key will cancel
the export selection and return you to the chart editor.

  When the required file format (Paint or dBase III) has been
selected, you will be prompted for an Export save filename using a
dialog box. The current pathname and filename with a .MSP (Microsoft
Windows Paint v1.0 or v2.0), .PCX (PC Paintbrush) or .DBF (dBASE III)
extension will initially be shown highlighted.

  Edit or replace the pathname and/or filename and press the Enter key
or click the left mouse button on the OK box to export the file in the
selected format or select the Cancel box to abort the export function.

  It is possible to export a file to a different drive by entering the
drive name (eg. A: or B:), in front of the pathname and/or filename,
in the input box.

6.3.1 Paint

  The Paint file can be used to incorporate the chart image into word
processors or desktop publishing programs which support the Windows
Paint (v1.0x or v2.0) or PC Paintbrush (v3.0) file format. Such
programs include Aldus Pagemaker, Ventura Publisher, Legend, The
Office Publisher, Windows Write, Easel (which can convert MS Windows
Paint files to PC Paint, GEM, Mac, GIF etc. format, or place the image
into the Windows Clipboard), Scrapbook+ (which manipulates Windows
format files and the Clipboard), Ventura Publisher, Lotus Manuscript
v2.0, PFS:First Publisher etc.

  The size of the chart area exported is selectable from the entire
chart area using the mouse and corresponds to a sheet of A-size paper.
That is, 10 columns by 12 rows as shown in the Preview chart window.
The bitmap image produced will be 720 points wide by 720 points high
to maintain compatibility with the format expected by page layout or
desktop publishing programs such as Aldus PageMaker v3.0 and Lotus
Manuscript v2.0. A higher resolution, more flexible paint file export
format is currently being developed and will be available in a future
version of EasyCASE.

  When a chart is selected for export in Paint format, a
representation of the entire chart area is displayed as for preview=4
mode previously described.

  When prompted, press the left mouse button to display a yellow
rectangle whose top left corner will be at the current mouse pointer
position and whose size will be equivalent to 10 symbol columns wide
by 12 symbol rows high corresponding to the chart area which can be
exported.

  Holding the left button down, move the mouse until the rectangle
encompasses the chart area you wish to export and then release the
left mouse button.

  A dialog box will then appear offering you the chance to export the
selected area, re-select an area or cancel the operation.

  Selecting Yes will cause the selected chart area to be exported in
the selected paint file format. During the operation, the chart will
be displayed, in pieces, on the screen as the chart image is built.
This is normal. On completion, you will be returned to the chart
editor.

  Selecting Re-do will cause the selection rectangle to be erased and
you will be able to re-select an area of the chart to export, using
the mouse, as described above.

  Selecting No will cancel the export function and return you to the
chart editor.

6.3.2 dBASE III

  The dBASE III file option results in the export only of certain
chart-specific data (object label, identifier, type and relationships)
and is intended for use as a simple data dictionary interface whereby
chart object relationships and characteristics can be determined using
dBase III+, Microsoft Excel v2, Lotus 1-2-3 v2, Symphony or Reflex.
The format of the exported file is defined in Chapter 10.

7. PRINTING & PLOTTING

  This option is used to send the entire or a selected portion of the
currently loaded chart to hard copy or file output. Selecting this
option will result in a dialog box appearing on screen and a prompt
appears at the top of the screen requesting you to select the required
output device characteristics. Select the required Printer or Plotter
Device, Port, Paper Width, Orientation and other options from the
lists and then select Yes. Selecting No or pressing the Escape key
will cancel the print function.

  To print a chart, select the 'Print' option from the main chart
menu, using either the mouse or keyboard.

  In the pop-up dialog print options box which appears, select the
desired printer type, port etc. using either the keyboard or mouse as
follows:

  Select the desired printer option(s) either by:

a. moving the mouse pointer over the desired printer type and then
pressing the left mouse button or

b. pressing the Tab key until the desired printer type is highlighted
and then pressing the Enter key or spacebar.

  Note:  The DeskJet and LaserJet 100 dpi and other printer type
options CANNOT be used to print at 150 dpi or 300 dpi and therefore
CANNOT use the supplied fonts. Only the HPLJ 150 and 300 dpi options
will use these fonts.

 Note also that the 300 dpi HPLJ printer selection cannot be used to
print in Landscape orientation or on B-size paper at that resolutions.
Any attempt to select Landscape orientation or B-size paper will be
ignored and printing will instead occur in Portrait orientation on A-
size paper.

7.1 Print Options

7.1.1 Select Chart Area To Print

  This option is used if it is only desired to print a sub-set of the
entire chart. The chart, if selected for printing on A-size, portrait
orientation paper, will be printed on 6 sheets of such paper, three
horizontal by 2 vertical sheets. Although logic is incorporated to
disable output on sheets which have no information on them, time is
taken for EasyCASE to determine that a sheet is actually blank (this
time can be quite long when printing in 150 or 300 dpi on the
DeskJet/LaserJet printers). By using the area selection option to
select only the area of the chart, even if it will take up more than
one sheet, which is populated, the print processing time will be
reduced, sometimes considerably. When this option is chosen, a
representation of the entire chart will be displayed, as for preview=4
(quarter size) mode together with a coarse grid and page edge
positions indicated. When prompted, use the mouse to select the chart
area to be printed by pressing the left mouse button with the mouse
pointer at the desired top left corner of the area to be printed.
Moving the mouse with the left button still pressed will result in a
yellow rectangle being drawn, the top left corner anchored at the
selected top left of the chart area to be printed, and the bottom
right corner following the mouse pointer.

  When the desired chart area has been encompassed, release the left
mouse button. You will then be prompted, via a pop-up dialog box, to
decide if you wish to print the selected chart area. Select the Yes
option to initiate print output or press the Escape key or select the
Cancel option to cancel the print function.

   If the area you selected is NOT exactly what you desired, select
the Re-do option and re-select the chart area you wish to print as
previously described.

  Select whether you want to select the area of the chart to print.
If so, select the 'Select Chart Area to Print' option (which defaults
to the ON state), in the PRINT dialog box, using the mouse or Tab key
and toggle it On (X character appears at the left of this option line)
or Off using the mouse or spacebar.  After selecting OK, you will be
presented with a view of the entire (6 page) chart area in zoom mode,
with page breaks shown for printing at 150 dpi or 300 dpi on A-size
paper in Portrait orientation (16 rows by 12 columns), from which you
can select an area to print using the mouse (see below).

7.1.2 Skip Page Print If No Symbols

  This option allows you to specify (default is option ON) that a page
shall be printed ONLY if it contains one or more symbols (Processes,
Terminators, Stores etc. only, NOT flows, labels etc.) and skip it
otherwise. This speeds up printing in the case whereby an area of the
chart is NOT selected for printout using the mouse due to NOT
selecting the 'Select Chart Area to Print' option in the Printer
options dialog box. It used to minimize the relatively large amount of
time taken for EasyCASE to scan each page to determine if that page
contained ANY graphics information to be printed. Note that if this
option is enabled and there are NO symbols on a page, but there is one
or more flows, labels etc. (objects other than symbols), the page will
NOT be printed. Note, this option affects printing in Portrait mode
only.

  Note:  You can only print on A-size paper in Portrait orientation at
300 dpi resolution on LaserJets.  You can print on A-size paper in
either Portrait or Landscape orientation at 150 dpi on LaserJets.

  Select the OK dialog box option to print the chart.

  Select the Cancel dialog box option to cancel the print selection.
The chart will not be printed.

7.1.3 Print Interface Symbol

  This option is used to determine if the small rectangular interface
symbol is to be printed at the end of interface flows on trgs, dfds
and stds.

7.1.4 Select DeskJet Draft Quality Graphics

  This option is used to configure the Hewlett-Packard DeskJet printer
into draft quality raster graphics mode. This mode speeds up printing
on the HP DeskJet and DeskJet Plus printers with minimal degradation
in quality.

7.1.5 Printing

  After printing has been started, the Escape key may be pressed to
terminate print output. In this case, a dialog box will pop-up
offering you the choice to terminate the print output and return to
the chart, or to resume printing.

  During printing, EasyCASE will check for the presence of the printer
being connected, turned-on, on line and loaded with paper. If any of
these conditions are not met, EasyCASE will flag an error and present
you with the option to abort or continue printing. Press the Escape
key to terminate printer output, or press any other key to resume
printing.

7.1.6 Select Printer Type

  Available printer device types are:

7.1.6.1 Epson FX

  Select this device option for any Printer which is compatible with
the Epson FX series of printers (includes the Epson FX80/85, FX286
etc, Citizen 120D etc). These are 9 pin printers which have a graphics
print mode capable of printing 90 dots per inch (720 columns per line)
horizontally (mode 6, Hi-Res CRT). Note, this does not include the IBM
graphics printer. If you have a non-Epson FX and non-IBM graphics
printer, which has a compatibility mode, ensure it is set to provide
Epson FX emulation.

     Portrait Orientation :

     Narrow Paper - 10 columns by 12 rows,
     Wide Paper - 16 columns by 12 rows.

     Landscape Orientation :

     Narrow Paper - 12 columns by 10 rows,
     Wide Paper - 16 columns by 10 rows.

7.1.6.2 Epson LQ

  Select this device option for any Printer which is compatible with
the Epson LQ series of printers (includes the Epson LQ2500 etc.) These
are 24 pin printers which have a graphics mode capable of printing 90
dpi horizontally (mode 38). If you have a non-Epson LQ graphics
printer, which has a compatibility mode, ensure it is set to provide
Epson LQ emulation. Note that Portrait Orientation only is supported
for this printer type, Landscape Orientation is NOT supported.

     Portrait Orientation :

     Narrow Paper - 10 columns by 12 rows,
     Wide Paper - 16 columns by 12 rows.

     Landscape Orientation :

     Not supported.

7.1.6.3 HP QuietJet

  Alternate mode. Select this option for any printer which is
compatible with the Alternate graphics mode of the Hewlett-Packard
QuietJet (Plus) printer. The alternate mode is an Epson/IBM compatible
mode with a resolution of 96 dpi, however using this option with an
Epson- or IBM- compatible graphics printer or using the Epson FX
option with this HP printer will result in a distorted (aspect ratio)
output. The HP QuietJet(Plus) printer should be set for Alternate mode
(switch #A5 in the UP position), though EasyCASE does attempt to
switch the printer to the Alternate mode.

  HP PCL mode. Select this option for any printer which is compatible
with the PCL graphics mode of the Hewlett-Packard QuietJet (Plus)
printer. This mode is defined as HP PCL (Page Control Language) level
1 with a horizontal and vertical resolution of 96 dpi.  The HP
QuietJet (Plus) printer should be set for HP PCL (switch #A5 in the
DOWN position), though EasyCASE does attempt to select HP PCL mode.

  Note that it is possible to use either this (HP PCL) or the
Alternate graphics mode with the HP QuietJet (including Plus) series
of graphics printer, set switch #A5 accordingly.

     Portrait Orientation :

     Narrow Paper - 10 columns by 12 rows,
     Wide Paper - 16 columns by 12 rows.

     Landscape Orientation :

     Narrow Paper - 12 columns by 10 rows,
     Wide Paper - 16 columns by 10 rows.

7.1.6.4 HPGL

  Select the appropriate option according the HPGL (Hewlett-Packard
Graphics Language) derivative your plotter is compatible with.
Available HPGL plotter types are the HP 7475 and 7550. Note that the
available Narrow or Wide paper selection options correspond to A- or
B-size paper selections which can be used with this plotter. It may be
necessary to have the paper pre-loaded to plot on, as EasyCASE cannot
always load the paper automatically, though it should eject the paper
on completion of plotting. The following chart sizes can be plotted
using the HPGL option, the top left position of which is selected
using the Select Chart Area to Print option from the Print dialog box.

     Portrait Orientation :

     A-size Paper - 12 columns by 16 rows
     B-size Paper - 16 columns by 24 rows.

     Landscape Orientation :

     A-size Paper - 16 columns by 12 rows,
     B-size Paper - 24 columns by 16 rows.

  It is possible to use this output option as a graphics metafile
format and hence import the file into a desktop publishing (for
example, PageMaker or Ventura Publisher) or word processing (for
example, Word or WordPerfect versions 5.0) programs instead of using a
Paint file. Note that there are many different interpretations of HPGL
used by the import function of these programs. Not all programs will
accurately (if at all!) load a HPGL file. I am attempting to develop a
version of the HPGL file which will be loadable by most of the well
known DTPs and WPs available. This option will become available as an
option in the Export feature in a future version of EasyCASE.

7.1.6.5 IBM

  Select this option for any 9 pin printer which is compatible with
IBM graphics mode 1, 120 dots per inch, as provided by the IBM
ProPrinter.

7.1.6.6 HP PCL (DeskJet & LaserJet) 100 dpi Printers

  Select this option for any printer which is compatible with the HP
PCL graphics mode of the Hewlett-Packard DeskJet (including the
DeskJet Plus) or LaserJet printers. This mode is defined as HP PCL
(Page Control Language) level 3 with a horizontal and vertical
resolution of 100 dpi.

  Note that EasyCASE sets Perforation Skip Off. To speed up printing
with the DeskJet, select draft quality graphics mode from the print
options menu or printer front panel.

     Portrait Orientation :

     Narrow Paper - 10 columns by 12 rows,
     Wide Paper - 16 columns by 12 rows.

     Landscape Orientation :

     Narrow Paper - 12 columns by 10 rows,
     Wide Paper - 16 columns by 10 rows.

7.1.6.7 HP PCL 150 dpi and 300 dpi Printers

  EasyCASE also provides the capability to print at 150 and 300 dpi
(dots per inch) resolution (Registered version of EasyCASE only) on
printers compatible with HP PCL (Page Control Language) level 3 using
a number of (included) font types.  Printers which support PCL include
the HP DeskJet (including the DeskJet Plus) and LaserJet series and
compatibles.

  Although the number of symbol rows and columns printed is similar
(extended to 12 columns and 16 rows) to those printed in 100 dpi mode,
the higher resolution used results in a much more professional
looking, clean, smoothed output. This is particularly noticeable when
printing circles, arrowheads, couples and diagonal connections. In
addition, the text looks better and a number of assorted fonts are
available to choose from. Fonts available include serif and sans-
serif, single and double stroke, normal and script type fonts.

     Portrait Orientation (150 & 300 dpi) :

     Narrow Paper - 12 columns by 16 rows,
     Wide Paper - Not Available.

     Landscape Orientation (150 dpi only) :

     Narrow Paper - 16 columns by 12 rows,
     Wide Paper - Not Available.

7.1.6.8 HPLJ 300 dpi 24 Columns by 32 Rows

  This printer type (Registered version only) allows for printing of a
larger (double size) area of a chart to printed on HP LaserJet and
DeskJet (including the DeskJet Plus) printers. In this mode, 300 dpi
graphics resolution is used and the chart objects printed at half
their normal size allowing, at the expense of legibility, 24 columns
by 32 rows of the chart to be printed.

     Portrait Orientation :

     Narrow Paper - 10 columns by 12 rows,
     Wide Paper - Not Available.

     Landscape Orientation :

     Not Supported.

7.1.6.9 File

  Select this option to send printer output to a file for printing
later. This option is selected by choosing the File option from the
list of device output ports. The printer format written to the file
will be that selected from the printer device list. Therefore, to
obtain the desired printout when later sending the created file to a
printer, it is important to remember the printer format chosen. For
example, a chart printed to a file in Epson FX or LQ format will not
print properly if the file is later printed to an HP Jet printer.

  The default filename used when printing to a file is the currently
loaded chart name with a .PRT extension. If desired, an alternative
filename (but not its extension) can be selected by entering it in the
pop-up text input box which will appear when the Print to File option
is selected. The default file extension used when plotting a chart to
a file is .PGL.

  It is possible to print a chart to a file on a different drive by
entering the drive name (eg. A: or B:), in front of the pathname
and/or filename, in the input box.

  When a chart has been 'printed' or 'plotted' to a file, the file may
be sent to the printer later from the DOS prompt using the command
COPY filename LPT?: /B. The /B option indicates to DOS that the file
is a Binary file and prevents DOS from terminating file output at the
first perceived EOF (End Of File) marker (Control-Z) or
adding/removing Line Feed characters (0A Hex) to/from perceived
Carriage Return characters (0D Hex), characters which are part of the
graphics output stream. It is possible to use the DOS PRINT command,
but the results may be unpredictable depending on the content of the
file. Note that 'Plotting' to a file and then attempting to 'copy' the
file to a COM (1 or 2) port may result in unpredictable results
because the DOS COPY command may be unable to handle the
communications line handshaking protocol. Using the MODE command to
correctly configure the COM port communications protocol may enable a
file to be output using the DOS copy filename to COM port command.

  See the description given above concerning the use of a chart
plotted to a HPGL file for use as a graphics metafile for importing
into desktop publishing or word processing programs.

7.1.7 Select Printer Port

  Select the appropriate option to send the chart to the printer or
plotter connected to the desired device output port (LPT1:, LPT2:,
PRN:, COM1:, COM2:) or file (see above). Note that PRN: is the same as
LPT1: but output is passed through DOS rather than the BIOS, and is
hence slower than selecting LPT1:. It is assumed that a printer is
connected to the LPT1: or LPT2: port, whereas a Plotter (HPGL) is
connected to the COM1: or COM2: port.

7.1.8 Select Page Orientation & Paper Size

  If the Epson FX, IBM, HP QuietJet, DeskJet, LaserJet or HPGL option
is selected, the chart can be printed in either Portrait (vertical) or
Landscape (horizontal) orientation. All except the DeskJet and
LaserJet can print on Narrow or Wide paper. Note that the print
quality in landscape mode on the Epson printer is not very good
(distortion of circles and low resolution) due to the lack of a
suitable print resolution mode. For the Epson LQ option, print
orientation currently defaults to Portrait mode only, though narrow or
wide paper can be selected. The HPGL Plotter can plot on A- or B-size
paper in Landscape or Portrait orientation and produces very good
quality output in either mode.

  The number of symbol columns and rows which can be printed varies
depending on the printer type, paper size and orientation selected as
defined previously.

7.1.9 Print Preview

  This option is used to show where the page edges, for the currently
selected printer type and resolution, page size and orientation are
located in relation to the objects on the chart (see below).

  This option is used to the show either half (preview=2) or the whole
(preview=4) of the chart on screen as it will be printed on (multiple)
sheets of paper and may be used to get an idea of how the chart will
look when printed. Symbols, flows and text are shown correctly located
at their relative positions on the page. Symbols are shown half-size
or quarter size and text labels are shown in small or 'greeked' form.

  Yellow vertical and horizontal dotted lines show the edges of narrow
and wide paper according to the printer type, paper size and
orientation  selected.

  Clicking either the right mouse button or pressing any key will
terminate the preview function and return to the chart drawing
functions.

7.1.10 Choosing and Using a Font

  When printing at 150 or 300 dpi on HP DeskJet (including the Plus
model) and LaserJet series of printers, the font used will be
extracted from file pclfont.bin from the EasyCASE executable directory
(\EASYCASE).  The default font supplied (in pclfont.bin) is a single
stroke, sans-serif type font derived from font file ss1font.bin.  To
use a different font, copy the desired font file to file pclfont.bin.
Do NOT use any of the font files: 4x6font.bin, 6x8font.bin, fxfont.bin
or lqfont.bin as those are  used for screen and/or other printer types
and will not print properly or will be the wrong size, for 150 and 300
dpi output.

  To use a particular PCL font for 150 or 300 dpi printing:

a. Determine the filename of the particular font type you wish to use
from the list below.

b. At the DOS prompt (prior to running EasyCASE), ensure you are
located in the executable/fonts directory (\EASYCASE), using the DOS
CHDIR command (CHDIR \EASYCASE) if necessary.

c. At the DOS prompt, use the DOS COPY command to copy the desired
chart file to 150/300 dpi font file pclfont.bin (COPY fontfile.bin
pclfont.bin).
d. At the DOS prompt, set the printer type and port to be used, if
desired, using the DOS SET command.

  SET PRINTER = HPLJ300 (for 300 dpi PCL printing) or
  SET PRINTER = HPLJ150 (for 150 dpi PCL printing) and
  SET PORT = LPT1: (or LPT2: etc.)

e. Invoke EasyCASE which will configure itself to the selected
printer, port and font file specified above.

7.1.11 Available Fonts

  A number of font styles are available as listed below.  All
characters are dot matrix in form and are 7 dots wide and 7 dots high
in an 8 by 8 dot matrix.  Fonts are provided in single and double
stroke, serif and sans-serif, normal and script in appearance.  For
best readability, normal single stroke fonts are recommended with or
without (sans-) serifs.

  The following font files are provided on your EasyCASE program disk
for use in printing on PCL printers at 150 and 300 dpi printers ONLY.
The other .bin font files on the program disk are either display or
alternative printer fonts and should NOT be used.

  font file    style          stroke         notes

  ss1font.bin  sans-serif     single         default font
  ss2font.bin  sans-serif     double
  scr1font.bin script         single
  scr2font.bin script         double
  pcfont.bin   serif          double         EGA font type
  winfont.bin  sans-serif     double         Windows type

8. OBJECT MANIPULATION

  An object is defined to be a graphic entity on a chart. There are
several object types available, depending on the type of chart being
created.

  Symbols are common to all chart types, though they take on different
shapes depending on the chart type being created. A symbol is
generally a rectangle or circle or derivative thereof and are placed
centered on the center of the course grid dots shown on the screen.
For example, symbols may be used to represent Data Processes, Data
Stores and Terminators on a DFD, Functions and Modules (of various
types) on a STC, Entities and Relationships on an ERD, States on a
STD, Data Entities (of various types) on a DSD, Control Transforms and
Control Stores on a TRG.

  Connections are also common to all chart types, though they are
named differently on different chart types. A connection consists of
one or more line segments connecting a pair of symbols together. Line
segments may be either orthogonal (consecutive segments drawn at right
angles to each other) or diagonal and a connection may consist of one
or more segments. Orthogonal connections are also known as 'pipes' and
have rounded corners. Connections may have one or two arrowheads at
one or both ends, depending on what it is depicting. Connections are
referred to as Data Flows on DFDs, Data or Control Flows on TRGs,
Transitions on STCs, Connections on STCs and DSDs, and Associations on
ERDs. The characteristics of a connection (piped, straight, default
number of arrowheads etc. can be set and changed via the Set Options
selection from the main menu as described earlier).

  Interfaces are similar in appearance to connections and can appear
on DFDs, TRGs and STDs only. They begin or end in a single symbol
only. The other end of the connection is represented by a small
rectangle. Interfaces are used to depict data which begins or ends
outside the scope of the current chart.

  Couples, also referred to as Arrows, can only appear on structure
charts and represent the passing of data and/or control flow
parameters between functions and modules.

  Objects may be added, deleted, moved, re-defined, labelled and
identified as follows.

8.1 SYMBOLS

8.1.1 Add Symbol

  This function is used to add a symbol to the chart. The available
symbols list appears on the main menu according the currently selected
chart type. Symbols can be added either by selecting the SYMBOL option
(HGC graphics) from the main chart menu or by selecting the symbol
directly from the SYMBOLS list (if available, EGA/VGA graphics only)
in the lower part of the main menu.

  When placing a new symbol, there are a number of symbol selection
methods available;

 (i) The symbol place function is invoked by selecting the SYMBOL
option from the main menu. This is the only method available when
using a Hercules graphics card (HGC).

  The highlight bar will then move to the previously selected symbol
type in the symbols type list and a prompt will appear at the top of
the screen requesting you to select the desired symbol type from the
symbols list. The desired symbol type is then selected as described in
(ii) below.

 (ii)  The symbol can be selected directly from the SYMBOLS list (this
method available for EGA/VGA graphics cards only, not HGC) and placed
in the drawing area without selecting a different size.

   Unless selected otherwise, the previously selected size will be
retained.

   Select a symbol type directly from the SYMBOLS list in the main
menu by moving the mouse pointer into the main menu area and then up
or down until the highlight bar appears over the desired symbol type.
Press the left mouse button to select the highlighted symbol type. The
currently selected symbol size will then be highlighted.

  If you do NOT wish to change the current symbol size, move the mouse
pointer back into the drawing area. A prompt will appear at the top of
the screen requesting you to select the desired symbol position. Click
the left mouse button to place the selected symbol type at the
position indicated by the position of the mouse cursor. The symbol
will be placed inside the rectangular grid area enclosing the mouse
pointer at the time the left mouse button was clicked to place the
symbol.

  If desired, a different symbol size can be selected by first
selecting the symbol type as described above and then selecting the
desired symbol size from the symbol SIZES list, if available, in the
main menu. After selecting the symbol type, do NOT (yet) move the
mouse pointer back into the chart area. Instead, move the mouse
pointer down until the desired symbol size is highlighted and press
the left mouse button.  After selecting the desired symbol size, move
the mouse pointer into the chart area. The symbol is then placed as
described above.

  The symbol place command is repeatable, therefore if the left mouse
button is clicked inside the chart window area (without using the
menu) and the previous command was also a symbol place command as a
result of previously selecting a symbol type to add, that symbol type
and size will be placed at the current mouse position. This selection
process can be repeated until a different symbol is selected using the
above options or a different command option is selected.

  While placing symbols, if the desired position is not currently on
screen, it is possible to scroll the chart window using the right
mouse button or control+cursor key techniques described previously to
scroll the desired chart area into the chart window, prior to placing
the symbol.

  If an attempt is made to place a symbol, by clicking the left mouse
button, on top of an existing symbol a beep will be heard and you will
be prompted to place the symbol at an unoccupied position.

  During either of the symbol type or size selection functions, or
prior to placing the symbol at the required position, the function can
be aborted by pressing the Escape key.

  Once the Symbol has been placed on the chart, the Identify Symbol
function (section 5.2.5) and/or the Label Symbol function (section
5.2.4) will automatically be invoked, if enabled, and may be cancelled
by either selecting the Cancel dialog option box or pressing the
Escape key if it is not desired to Identify and/or Label the new
symbol.

  Note that data and control transforms and stores, on a
transformation graph, are the only symbols which can be re-sized.

Data Flow Diagram

  Available symbol types are ;

     External Entity (Extl Enty),
     Data Process (Data Proc),
     Data Store (Data Stor),
     Split/Merge (Splt/Mrge).

 If either the Data Process or Data Store is selected, the highlight
bar will move to the previously selected object size in the sizes list
on the main menu, to enable selection of one of five different symbol
sizes.

Transformation Graph

  Available symbol types are ;

     External Entity (Extl Enty),
     Data Process (Data Proc),
     Control Transform (Ctr Tran),
     Data Store (Data Stor),
     Control Store (Ctrl Stor),
     Split/Merge (Splt/Mrge),
     Control Bar (Ctrl Bar).

 If either of the Data Process, Control Bar, Data or Control Stores is
selected, the highlight bar will move to the previously selected
object size in the sizes list on the main menu, to enable selection of
one of five different symbol sizes.

State Transition Diagram

  Available symbol types are ;

     State.

  These symbols are provided in a single size only, therefore a SIZES
list does not appear on the std main menu.

Structure Chart

  Available symbol types are ;

     Function,
     Module,
     Pre-Defined Function (Def Func),
     Pre-Defined Module (Def Mod),
     Repetitive (Iteration) Function (Rep Func),
     Decision Function (Dec Func),
     Included Function (Inc Func),
     Store,
     External Device (Device),
     Continuation (Continue).

  These symbols are provided in a single size only, therefore a SIZES
list does not appear on the stc main menu.

Entity-Relationship Diagram

  Available Symbol types are ;

     Entity,
     Relationship (Relation),
     Attribute,
     Weak Entity (Weak Enty).

  These symbols are provided in a single size only, therefore a SIZES
list does not appear on the erd main menu.

Data Structure Diagram

  Available symbol types are ;

     Data Entity (Data Enty),
     Iteration Data Entity (Iteration),
     Alternate Data Entity (Alternate).

  These symbols are provided in a single size only, therefore a SIZES
list does not appear on the dsd main menu.

  Note that for a dfd, trg or std, the Interface object option can be
selected from the SYMBOLS menu, but is actually added to the chart as
described later.

8.1.2 Delete Symbol

  Select this option to delete an existing symbol from the chart by
selecting the DELETE option from the chart main menu.

  When prompted, select the symbol you wish to delete from the chart
by moving the mouse to place the mouse pointer over the symbol and
pressing the left mouse button.

  When a symbol has been selected for deletion in this way, it and, if
labelled, its text label will be highlighted. In addition, any flows
(trg), connections (stc) or transitions (std) and their labels will
also be highlighted. This is because if the symbol is deleted, those
connections will no longer have a destination symbol and therefore
must be deleted also.

  Note that in the case of a structure chart (stc) any Arrows, and
their labels, associated with any connection in turn associated with
the symbol selected for deletion will also be highlighted for
deletion.

  You will then be prompted to confirm or abort the deletion of the
symbol, its label and any attached flows, transitions or connections
and arrows (stc only) via a pop-up dialog box. Select the Yes dialog
option box to delete the symbol or No to abort. Pressing the Escape
key also aborts the delete symbol option.

  This option is repeatable once selected, so clicking the left mouse
button over another symbol will automatically, with a confirmation
request dialog box, delete that symbol without having to re-select the
Delete option from the menu and select a symbol on the chart.

8.1.3 Move Symbol

  Select this option to move a symbol on the chart by selecting the
MOVE option from the chart main menu.

  When prompted, select the symbol you wish to move on the chart by
moving the mouse to place the mouse pointer over the symbol and
pressing the left mouse button.

  The selected symbol and its label, if any, will then be highlighted
and you will be prompted to select a new symbol position.

  Move the mouse pointer to the desired new symbol position, scrolling
the chart if necessary using the right mouse button or the
control+cursor keys (as previously described) until the desired new
symbol position is inside the chart window, and then press the left
mouse button to place the symbol at this new position.

  Pressing the Escape key at any time will abort the function and
leave the symbol unmoved.

  Any attempt to place the symbol at an occupied position will result
in a beep being heard and a prompt appearing requesting you to select
another, unoccupied position.

  When the symbol has been moved, an embedded algorithm will move any
attached flows so that they remain attached to, and associated with,
the symbol at its new position, with minor re-routing as necessary.
Note that this algorithm is NOT intended to completely re-draw the
chart or determine the best new routes for connections to prevent them
over-lapping etc. It serves mainly to keep connections, associated
with the moved symbol, attached so that they can easily be found later
and re-routed if desired using the Connection Re-route function
described below.

  Note that in the case of a structure chart (stc), any data and/or
control flow arrows associated with any of the connections moved with
the symbol will be highlighted and re-drawn in the direction of the
moved connections, to indicate that those Arrows may also need to be
re-located to maintain their presentation appearance alongside the
connection. Note that Arrows continue to be associated with their
respective connection even though the connection may have moved.

  This is a repeatable command once selected, so clicking the left
mouse button on another symbol will re-activate the Symbol Move
function for that symbol without having to re-select the Move option
from the menu and select the symbol on the chart to be moved.

8.1.4 Change Symbol

  Select this option to change the type of an existing symbol on the
chart by selecting the SYMBOL-Change option from the chart main menu.

  This feature removes the necessity to have to add the desired new
symbol type, move all the flows from the old to the new symbol, delete
the old symbol and move the new symbol to that position.

  When prompted, select the symbol you wish to change on the chart by
moving the mouse to place the mouse pointer over the symbol and
pressing the left mouse button.

  The selected symbol will then be highlighted, the mouse cursor will
enter the chart main menu at, and the menu highlight bar will appear
over, the current symbol type and you will be prompted to select a new
symbol type.

  Select the desired new symbol type from the chart menu by moving the
menu highlight bar over the desired new current symbol size using the
mouse or keyboard arrow keys and then pressing the left mouse button
or Enter key.

  After selecting the new object type, the mouse cursor and menu
highlight bar will appear over the current symbol size and you will be
prompted to select a new symbol size.

  Moving the mouse cursor back into the chart window will result in no
change to the symbol size, but its type will be changed to that
selected.

  A new symbol size may be selected by first moving the menu highlight
bar over the desired new size in the chart main menu list and then
pressing the left mouse button, prior to moving the mouse cursor back
into the chart window.

  Selecting either the current or a new size will result in the symbol
originally selected on the chart taking on the new type and size. Any
associated flow start/end points will be adjusted automatically, as
necessary, to correctly meet the symbol at its new perimeter.

  Changing a symbol type and/or size in this way will also result in
any other symbols on the chart, with the same identifier, being
changed to the new type and/or size also.

  This is a repeatable command once selected, so clicking the left
mouse button on another symbol will re-activate the Symbol Change
function for that symbol without having to re-select the Symbol-Change
option from the menu and select a symbol on the chart to be re-
defined.

8.1.5 Re-Size Symbol

  This option is similar to the Change Symbol option except that it
changes only the size, not the type of the selected symbol.

  On selecting the SYMBOL-Size option from the chart main menu, you
will be prompted to select the symbol to redefine (change the size
of).

  Moving the mouse cursor over a symbol and pressing the left mouse
button will result in the symbol being highlighted and the mouse
cursor will enter the menu at, and the menu highlight bar will appear
over, the current symbol size.

  Selecting the desired new symbol size will result in the symbol
originally selected on the chart taking on the new size, any
associated flow start/end points adjusted as necessary to correctly
meet the symbol, if possible, at its new perimeter.

  Note that data and control transforms and stores, on a
transformation graph, are the only symbols which can be re-sized.

  Changing a symbol size in this way will also result in any other
symbols on the chart, with the same identifier, being changed to the
selected size also.

  This is a repeatable command once selected, so clicking the left
mouse button on another symbol will re-activate Re-Size Symbol
function for that symbol without having to re-select the Symbol-Size
option from the menu and select a symbol on the chart to be re-sized.

8.2 INTERFACE

8.2.1 Add Interface

  This option is used to route an interface flow or transition when
drawing transformation graphs or state transition diagrams
respectively, and is activated by selecting the INTERFACE option from
the chart main menu.

  Note that at least one symbol needs to be present on the screen, a
source OR a destination, when this option is selected.

  A dialog box will then pop-up offering you a choice of an Input,
Output or Update Data or Control Flow. Note that in the case of an
std, only the data flow (transition) and one way (input or output
only) options are meaningful.

  Use the mouse or keyboard to select the flow type and/or flow
direction from the dialog box list of options.

  You will be prompted to select the point at which the Interface will
be placed. This is the point at which the interface will enter or
leave the chart for an input or output interface respectively.

  Select the desired position by pressing the left mouse button while
the mouse pointer is over the grid dot corresponding to the desired
start/end position. A small (yellow) box will be displayed at that
position.

  The interface is then routed to the appropriate symbol, even for an
output interface. When the symbol at the other end of the interface
has been selected, the interface is drawn with the arrowhead(s) at the
interface symbol end for an output interface, at the symbol end for an
input interface or at both ends for an update interface.

  Note that the number of arrowheads drawn is determined by that set
by the Define Default Number Of Arrowheads option.

  Once the interface has been placed on the chart, the Identify
function and/or the Label function will be automatically invoked, if
selected, and may be cancelled by either selecting the Cancel dialog
option box or pressing the Escape key if it is not desired to Identify
and/or Label the new interface.

  This is a repeatable command once selected, so clicking the left
mouse button on the chart will define that point to be the start of a
new interface, of the previously selected direction (input or output)
and type (data or control flow) without having to re-select the
Interface option from the menu and select a new position on the chart.

8.2.2 Move Interface

  This option is used to move an Interface symbol, together with its
attached flow or transition and is activated by selecting the MOVE
command from the chart main menu.

  You will then be prompted to select the interface on the chart to
move. Move the mouse until its pointer lies over the interface marker
(the small rectangle at the un-terminated end of a flow or transition)
and then press the left mouse button. Do not select the flow itself
(via the small block midway along the middle line segment of the flow)
as this would result in the interface flow being selected for re-
routing.

  When selected, the interface flow will be highlighted and you will
then be prompted to select a new position to which the interface
symbol will be moved together with its attached flow or transition.
The flow's label will be moved also.

  This is a repeatable command once selected, so subsequently pressing
the left mouse button on another Interface symbol will define that
interface to be moved without having to re-select the Move option from
the menu and then select an interface symbol to be moved to a new
position on the chart.

8.2.3 Delete Interface

  This option is used to delete an interface (interface symbol and
attached data, control flow or transition and label) and is activated
by selecting the DELETE option from the chart main menu.

  You will then be prompted to select the interface on the chart to
delete. Move the mouse until its pointer lies over the interface
marker (the small rectangle at the un-terminated end of a flow or
transition) and then press the left mouse button.

  You may also delete the interface by deleting the flow or transition
by selecting it via the small block midway along the middle line
segment of the flow.

  The flow or transition, interface symbol, and label if present, will
be highlighted and you will be prompted to confirm deletion of the
interface via a pop-up dialog box.

  Select the Yes dialog option to delete the interface symbol, flow or
transition and label, if any, from the chart.

  Select the No dialog option or  press the Escape key to terminate
the operation and leave the interface on the chart.

8.3 FLOW, CONNECTION or TRANSITION

8.3.1 Add Flow, Connection or Transition

  Flows (dfd, trg), transitions (std) or connections (stc, dsd, erd)
are used to connect source and destination symbols on the chart. The
characteristics of the connection depend on the currently selected
chart type. In all cases however, the method of routing the connection
is essentially the same.

  Note that at least two symbols need to be present on the screen, a
source AND a destination, when this option is selected.

  The connect function is invoked by selecting the appropriate option;
DATA FLOW for a DFD, DATA Flow or CTRL FLOW for a TRG, TRNSITION for
an STD, CONNECT for an STC or a DSD and CONNECT or S-TYPE
(Subtype/Supertype) for an ERD, from the chart main menu.

  Data Flows, Connections and Transitions are drawn using a solid
line, whereas Control Flows are drawn using a broken (dashed) line.

  A prompt will appear at the top of the screen requesting you to
select the symbol from which the connection is to start. The source
symbol for the connection is selected using the mouse.

  When the source symbol has been selected, by pressing the left mouse
button while the mouse cursor lies inside the desired symbol position
(grid square) on the chart, a number of small (yellow) boxes will
appear at discrete positions around the perimeter of the selected
(source) symbol. These define the list of available exit port
positions where the connection can emanate from the selected (source)
symbol.

  A prompt then appears at the top of the screen requesting you to
select the port at which the connection is to be made to the symbol.
Select the desired port by pressing the left mouse button while the
mouse pointer lies over the desired exit port, at which time all the
port markers, except the selected one defining the start of the
connection, will then disappear.

  A further prompt then appears at the top of the screen requesting
you to select the next point on the connection route or a destination
symbol. Selecting a symbol will define that symbol to be the
destination symbol for the connection and hence terminate the
connection.

  Otherwise, if the left mouse button is pressed with the mouse
pointer elsewhere on the chart (not inside an existing symbol), that
position is defined to be an intermediate point on the connection and
a line segment is drawn from the previous (initially the start) point
to the current point using interpolation as necessary to replace
potential diagonal connections with orthogonal connections provided
automatic flow routing is enabled (Automatic Routing On previously
selected from main menu). The mouse pointer, and hence the point, will
snap to the nearest grid dot position so it is not necessary to be
very accurate with placement of the mouse pointer.

  This process is repeated to route the connection around the chart as
required from the source to destination symbol, using the left mouse
button, until the destination symbol is selected.

  While routing connections, if a desired point is not currently on
screen, it is possible to scroll the chart window using the right
mouse button or control+cursor key combinations described above to
make a different area of the chart visible in the chart window, prior
to placing the next point.

  Also, it is possible to delete the previous line segment, while
routing a connection, by clicking the right mouse button or pressing
the Backspace key. This will cause the line segment just drawn to be
deleted and cancel the current point. Continuing this process causes
each previous line segment in turn to be deleted until the source
symbol is reached.

  A flow may consist of no more than 18 line segments. Any attempt to
create a flow with more than this number will result in you being
prompted to select the destination symbol.

  When the option is taken to terminate the connection in a
destination symbol, a number of small (yellow) boxes will appear at
discrete positions around the perimeter of the selected (destination)
symbol. These define the discrete positions (port markers) at which
the connection can enter the selected (destination) symbol and a
prompt will appear at the top of the screen requesting you to select
the desired entry port.

  Select the desired port, at which time all the port markers will
then disappear and a connection line and arrow(s), if enabled, will be
drawn from the start symbol to the end symbol, using inserted
orthogonal connections as necessary to remove diagonal connections if
automatic routing is enabled (Auto Routing On).

  When the final connection is made, the previous, temporary, line
segments are erased and the connection redrawn automatically using
'smoothed' line segments with 'angled' corners. The appropriate number
of arrowheads, selectable from the main menu, are placed automatically
at the appropriate end(s) of the connection.

   The auto flow routing option, selectable from Chart Options in the
main menu, enables an algorithm which analyses the direction of exit
of the connection from the source symbol, the direction of entry of
the connection into the destination symbol, current and previous
points relative positions and symbol types to determine the number and
positions of points to insert along the connection path in order to
correctly convert diagonal connections to orthogonal connections. It
is therefore possible to connect the source and destination symbols by
only defining the start and end port positions and allow the routing
algorithm to determine the intermediate points and draw the
connection.

  Note that, while routing a connection, the process can be aborted at
any time by pressing the Escape key, in which case the process will be
aborted and any connection drawn so far will be erased.

  Once the Connection has been placed on the chart, the Identify
Connection function (section 5.2.5) and/or the Label Connection
function (section 5.2.4) will automatically be invoked, if enabled,
and may be cancelled by either selecting the Cancel dialog option box
or pressing the Escape key if it is not desired to Identify and/or
Label the new connection.

  This is a repeatable command once selected, so clicking the left
mouse button on a symbol will re-activate the connection routing
function and define that symbol as the start of a new connection.

8.3.2 Delete Flow, Connection or Transition

  Select this option to remove a connection, flow, transition or
Interface (dfd, trg and erd only) from the chart by selecting the
DELETE option from the chart main menu.

  Select the Flow (including Interface flows), Connection or
Transition to be deleted by pressing the left mouse button while the
mouse pointer lies over the 'handle' of the flow for deletion.

  The connection and text label, if any, will be highlighted and you
will then be prompted to confirm deletion of the connection, label
and, in the case of an stc (see below), any associated Arrows via a
pop-up dialog box.

  Select the Yes option to delete the selected connection, together
with any associated label text and, in the case of a structure chart,
any associated data or control flow arrows.

  To abort the deletion, press the Escape key or select the No option
on the pop-up dialog box.

  Note that for a structure chart (stc), any data and/or control flow
Arrows associated with the Connection selected for deletion, and their
labels will also be highlighted for deletion. This is because an Arrow
is meaningless without the connection it is associated with. An Arrow
denotes a parameter passed between the caller and called functions as
part of the call (denoted by a connection) process.

  This is a repeatable command once selected, so clicking the left
mouse button on a connection will re-activate the connection deletion
function and delete, with confirmation request, that connection.

8.3.3 Move Flow, Connection or Transition

  Select this option to re-route an existing Flow (including Interface
flows), Connection or Transition by selecting the MOVE option from the
chart main menu and then selecting the flow, connection or transition
to be moved.

  This function provides the capability to change the route of a
connection without the need to delete the connection and then re-draw
it using the new route.

  When selected, the connection will be highlighted and a small
(yellow) box will appear at each end of the connection coincident with
the entry/exit port on the destination/source symbols respectively.

  Note : For an Interface flow, do not select the interface symbol end
of the flow. Doing so will break the association of the flow with the
interface and that end of the flow must then be routed to a symbol. If
this occurs, press the Escape key to cancel the operation.

  You will then be prompted to select the end of the connection to
begin re-routing from. Select the box at the end of the connection to
be moved by pressing the left mouse button while the cursor lies over
the desired end marker, at which time the box at the other end of the
connection will disappear and the connection will take on an
unsmoothed (right angled, rather than beveled, corners when the
connection changes direction) appearance.

  Once the re-routing function is in progress, it is much the same as
the Add Connection option described above.

  Clicking the right mouse button will erase the line segment from the
small (yellow) box back to the previous change of direction point, and
the box will then move to the previous point.

  Clicking the left mouse button will draw a line segment from the
small (yellow) box to the current mouse cursor position, with
intermediate routing applied, if auto routing is currently active, to
prevent diagonal lines. Thus the connection can be re-routed by
deleting and re-drawing individual line segments.

  To end the function select a (destination) symbol and then select
the desired entry port position from the list of available entry ports
depicted by the small (yellow) boxes which appear at discrete
positions around the perimeter of the destination symbol.

  This function can be aborted at any time by pressing the Escape key,
in which case the original connection will be restored.

  Note that in the case of a structure chart (stc) any data and/or
control flow Arrows associated with the moved Connection are
highlighted  and re-drawn in the direction of the moved connection, to
indicate that it may be necessary to move them also to maintain their
presentation appearance with the moved connection. The Arrows do,
however, maintain their association with the moved connection.

  This is a repeatable command once selected, so clicking the left
mouse button on a connection will re-activate the connection re-
routing function and define that connection as the connection to be
re-routed

8.3.4 Change Flow Type

  Select this option when it is necessary to change a Data Flow to a
Control Flow, or vice-versa, on a transformation graph only by
choosing the SYMBOL Change option from the chart main menu and then
selecting the flow in the chart window to change using the mouse.

  When the flow to be changed has been selected, the connection will
be highlighted and a dialog box will pop-up and you will be prompted
to choose the desired new flow type from a choice of Data or Control
flow. Select the desired flow type and select the OK box to change the
previously selected flow to the new flow type. Selecting the Cancel
dialog box or pressing the Escape key will cancel the function and
leave the flow type unchanged.

  If the selected flow is changed in this way, any other flows on the
chart, with the same identifier, will also be changed to the selected
type and re-drawn.

  Note that this function is repeatable so selecting another flow will
select it for change without the need to re-chose the Change Flow
option from the main menu and re-select another flow to change.

8.3.5 Change Number Of Arrowheads

  This option is used to change the number of arrowheads on a data
flow (data flow diagram), data or control flow (transformation graph),
connection (structure chart, data structure diagram or entity-
relationship diagram). For an ERD, this option can be used to define
Associative relationships (one arrowhead) and one-to-one, many-to-one,
one-to-many (n-Ary) or many-to-many relationships (two arrowheads).

  Data and Control Flows (trg) or Data Flows (dfd) may be defined to
be input, output or update flows and may be either time discrete or
time continuous in nature. An input or output flow (one-way) has an
arrowhead at the destination end only, whereas an update
(input/output) flow has an arrowhead at both ends. A time discrete
flow is represented with a single arrowhead at the destination (input
or output flow) and/or the source (update flow) symbol. A time
continuous flow is represented with a double arrowhead at the
destination (input or output flow) and/or source (update flow) symbol.

  Connections (stc) can have either none or only one arrowhead at the
destination symbol end. A single arrow represents an invocation or
call between function and/or module symbols. No arrowhead is generally
used to represent a connection to a store or external device symbol
for the purpose of exchange of data.

  Transitions (std) can have a single arrowhead only, at the
destination state end.

  Connections (erd) can have none, one or two arrowheads to denote
connections between entities, associations (one arrowhead) and one-to-
many, many-to-one and many-to-many relationships (two arrowheads).

  This function is invoked by selecting the CHANGE # Arrowheads option
from the main menu and, when prompted, selecting the connection or
flow, whose arrowhead characteristics are to be changed, using the
mouse.

  A pop-up dialog box will then appear with the flow's current
arrowhead characteristic highlighted.

  Select the desired number of arrowheads (you can change the
direction also, see above) and then select the OK dialog box. This
will cause the flow or connection to be redrawn with the selected
number of arrowheads.

  Selecting the No dialog option or pressing the Escape key will
cancel the selection and leave the flow or connection unchanged.

  When a selected Flow (dfd or trg only) has had its number of
arrowheads changed in this way, any other flows on the chart which
have the same identifier will also have their number of arrowheads
changed also.

  This function is repeatable, so subsequently selecting another flow
will result in it being selected for modification without having to
re-select the Change # Arrowheads Option from the main menu and then
selecting the flow or connection to modify.

8.3.5 Change Flow Direction

  Select this option when it is necessary to change a the direction of
a Data or Control Flow, Interface, Connection or Transition by
selecting the CHANGE # Arrowheads option from the chart main menu and
then selecting the flow in the chart window to change using the mouse.

  When the flow to be changed has been selected, the connection will
be highlighted and a pop-up dialog box will then appear with the
flow's current arrowhead characteristic highlighted.

  Selecting the Change Direction option from the list (you can also
change the number of arrowheads also if desired, see below) and the
selecting the OK dialog box will cause the flow or connection to be
redrawn in the opposite direction with the selected number of
arrowheads.

  Selecting the No dialog option or pressing the Escape key will
cancel the selection and leave the flow or connection unchanged.

  Note that this function is repeatable so subsequently selecting
another flow will select it for change without the need to re-chose
the Change Number of Arrowheads option from the main menu and re-
select another flow to change.

8.4 LABEL OBJECT

8.4.1 Add Label

  This option is used to label an object, which may be a symbol, flow
(dfd or trg), connection (stc, dsd or erd), transition (std) or arrow
(stc), and is invoked by selecting the LABEL option from the menu.
When selected, you will be prompted to select the object (from the
list above) to label.

  When the object to be labelled has been selected, you will be
prompted to enter the label text string in the pop-up dialog box which
appears. The size of the text input box will depend on the type and
size of the object being labelled and will contain the current label,
highlighted, if any.

  You can add, replace or edit the text label as necessary according
to the editing rules previously described for pop-up dialog input
boxes and press the Enter key or select the OK box to enter the label
into the object. Pressing the Escape key or selecting the Cancel
option in the dialog box will abort the labelling function and leave
the current object label, if any, unmodified.

  Once the label has been entered, you will be prompted to select its
position.

  The label will initially be highlighted and placed at a default
position according to the object type, but can be moved around using
the Arrow keys and then pressing the Enter key, or clicking the left
mouse button to place the text label at the current mouse pointer
position.

  Note that while moving the text label around and before placing it,
if the desired label position is not currently in the chart window,
the chart window can be scrolled using the scrolling methods described
previously.

  This function is repeatable, so selecting another object will enable
it to be labelled without having to re-select the Add Label option
from the menu and re-select an object.

  Note that there is a relationship between this, the Add Object Label
function and the Object Identify function described later. That is, if
the object currently being labelled has previously been identified,
then any other objects on the chart with the same identifier will also
all automatically take on the label just entered, regardless of
whether they have the same label or not. Also, if the newly labelled
object has been identified, then any objects subsequently identified
with the same name as the current object will automatically take on
the same label. ie. that just entered.

8.4.2 Delete Label

  This option is used to delete an object label, without affecting the
object itself.

  To delete a flow, connection, transition or arrow label, select
either the DELETE or LABEL-Delete option from the menu and, when
prompted, select the appropriate text label. If the DELETE option was
selected, do NOT select the flow, connection, transition, arrow or a
symbol as that will invoke the Object Delete function and delete the
object as well as its label.

  To delete a symbol label, select the LABEL-Delete option from the
menu and then select the appropriate symbol.

  Once the object label has been selected, it will be highlighted and
you will be prompted to confirm deletion of the label via the pop-up
dialog box. Selecting the Yes option will remove the object label (but
not the object) from its current position, whereas selecting the No
option or pressing the Escape key will cancel the function leaving the
current object label intact.

  This function is repeatable, so selecting another object will enable
it's label to be deleted, with confirmation, without having to re-
select the Delete Label option from the menu and re-select an object
label.

  Note that if the object, whose label has been selected for deletion,
has previously been identified then deleting the label will also
delete the label from any other object on the chart with the same
identifier.

8.4.3 Move Label

  This option is used to move an object label without affecting the
position of the object itself.

  To move a flow, connection, transition or arrow label, select the
MOVE or LABEL-Move option from the menu and, when prompted, select the
appropriate text label. If the MOVE option was selected, do NOT click
on the flow, connection, transition, arrow or a symbol as that will
invoke the Object Move function and move the object, not its label.

  To move a symbol label, select the LABEL-Move option from the menu
and then select the appropriate symbol.

  Once the object label has been selected, it will be highlighted and
you will be prompted to move the label by using either the Arrow keys
and then pressing the Enter key or by selecting the new text label
position (top, left hand corner) using the mouse. The object label
will then be deleted from its old position and redrawn at the new
position.

  Note that while moving the text label around and before placing it,
if the desired label position is not currently in the chart window,
the chart window can be scrolled using the scrolling methods described
previously.

  This function is repeatable, so selecting another object will enable
it to be moved without having to re-select the Label-Move option from
the menu and re-select an object label.

8.4.4 Edit (Modify) Label

  This option is used to modify the text of an object label without
affecting the object itself or the necessity to delete the label and
then re-enter it.

  To modify any object label, select the LABEL option from the menu
and select the object containing the label to be modified or
alternatively select the label itself. The pop-up dialog box which
appears will contain the current object label which can then be edited
and re-positioned if desired, as described for the Add Label function
previously described.

  If an identified object is re-labelled in this way, any other
objects on the same chart, with the same identifier, will also be re-
labelled.

  This function is repeatable, so selecting another object will enable
it to be modified without having to re-select the Label option from
the menu and re-select an object.

8.5 IDENTIFY OBJECT

  This option is used to describe an object to a chart level 'Data
Dictionary' and it's use is optional. As a minimum, when creating a
chart, each object should be labelled.

  Identifying the object will allow it to be 're-used' on the current
chart and also enable analysis of the contents of, and interaction of
objects on, the chart via the Export function and dBASE III etc.

  An object identifier generally takes the form of an abbreviated
descriptive name, mnemonic or level number in the function/module or
process hierarchy and is therefore usually much shorter, and thus
easier to enter, than the object label. Identifying an unlabeled
object will automatically invoke the Add Label function, if enabled,
allowing the object label to be entered. Both the Identifier and the
Label will be associated with the Object.

  Subsequently, identifying a different object using the previously
entered identifier (for a different object, elsewhere on the chart)
will cause the current object to automatically take on the associated
label, removing the need to re-enter the label. Similarly, if a number
of chart objects have the same identifier, and thus the same label,
subsequently changing the label of any one of these related objects
will result in all of them taking on the new label, even if it is
deletion of the label. The label does however remain at the same
position.

  In this way, a basic data dictionary function is established,
currently basic and only at the single chart level. In the case of
flows, connections, transitions and arrows, entering an identifier for
each object will cause source, destination and link data to be
exported to the dBase III file so that reports can be generated to
define and list the flow of data and/or control between objects.

  This function is invoked by selecting the IDENTIFY option from the
main menu. You will then be prompted to select the object to be
Identified.

  When the object to be identified has been selected, you will be
prompted to enter the identifier text string in the pop-up dialog box
which appears. In addition, if any identifiers have previously been
assigned to similar object types, a list of those identifiers will
appear in a list box.

  The text input dialog box will contain the current object
identifier, if any, highlighted. Add, replace or edit the text string
in the text input box as necessary according to the editing rules
previously described for pop-up dialog input boxes. Alternatively,
select the desired identifier from the list of available identifiers,
if any, listed in the dialog box. When the desired identifier has been
selected and the Ok dialog box also selected, the object will take on
that identifier. Pressing the Escape key or selecting the Cancel
option in the dialog box will abort the identify function and leave
the current object identifier, if any, unmodified.

  You can enter a new or existing identifier via the text entry box,
using the keyboard, or select an existing identifier using either the
mouse or Tab, Up/Down and Enter keys to select the desired list entry.

  If the identifier entered has previously been defined, for another
object, on the current chart, then the current object will
automatically take on the label entered when the identifier was first
used. The label will be placed and displayed with the newly identified
object.

  If the identifier is new, and the object does not yet have a label,
the Add Label function will be automatically invoked, if enabled, and
a label entered into the pop-up text input dialog box and placed on
the chart as described previously.

  This function is repeatable, so selecting another object will enable
it to be identified without having to re-select the Identify option
from the menu and select an object.

8.6 TEXT

8.6.1 Add Text

  This option simply allows for arbitrary text, that is not associated
with any object on the chart, to be entered and placed anywhere on the
chart.

  This type of text is used for entering a chart title, brief
description, filename, author, date or note etc. on the chart and is
invoked by selecting the TEXT option from the menu and, when prompted,
selecting a position on the chart where the text will be placed using
the mouse. A pop-up text input dialog box will appear, into which text
can be entered and edited as previously described.

  Selecting the OK dialog option will highlight and place the text
string on the chart at the previously selected position. You will then
be offered the chance to move the text string around and place it by
either clicking the left mouse button with the mouse pointer at the
desired text block (top, left corner) position or by using the Arrow
keys to move the text and then pressing the Enter key to place it.

  This function can be aborted at any time by pressing the Escape key
or selecting the Cancel dialog option, in which case the text string
will not be placed on the chart.

  Note that while moving the text block around and before placing it,
if the desired text position is not currently in the chart window, the
chart window can be scrolled using the scrolling methods described
previously.

  This function is repeatable, so re-selecting any point in the chart
window will define that as the position for placing a text string
without the need to re-select the Text option from the menu and re-
select a new position on the chart for the text block.

8.6.2 Delete Text

  This option is used to delete non-object related text strings
previously added to the chart. It is invoked by selecting the DELETE
option from the main menu and then selecting the text block to be
deleted. Care must be exercised to ensure that it is this type of text
which is being selected for deletion and not an object or object
label.

  On selecting the text to be deleted, the text block will be
highlighted and you will be prompted to confirm deletion of that text
via a pop-up Yes/No dialog box. Selecting the Yes option will cause
the selected text to be removed from the chart.

  Selecting the No option or pressing the Escape key will abort the
function, leaving the text string intact.

  This function is repeatable, so pressing the left mouse button with
the mouse cursor over a text string anywhere on the screen will result
in that text string being erased without the need to re-select the
Delete option from the menu and re-select the text string to be
deleted.

8.6.3 Move Text

  This option is used to move a non-object related text string to
another position on the chart. It is invoked by selecting the MOVE
option from the main menu and then selecting the text block to be
moved. Care must be exercised to ensure that it is this type of text
which is being selected for moving and not an object or object label.

  On selecting the text block, it will be highlighted and you will be
prompted to move the text block to the desired position. This is
achieved by either using the Arrow keys to move the text to the
desired position and then pressing the Enter key to place it, or by
selecting the desired new text block (top, left corner) location using
the mouse.

  Note that while moving the text block around and before placing it,
if the desired text position is not currently in the chart window, the
chart window can be scrolled using the scrolling methods described
previously.

  This function can be aborted at any time by pressing the Escape key
which will leave the text block at its original position.

  This function is repeatable, so pressing the left mouse button with
the mouse cursor over a text string anywhere on the screen will result
in that text string being selected for moving without the need to re-
select the Move option from the menu and selecting the text block to
be moved.

8.6.4 Edit (Modify) Text

  This option is used to modify the text of a non-object related text
block without the need to delete the text and then re-enter it.

  To modify any object label, select the TEXT option from the menu and
select the text block to be modified. The pop-up dialog box which
appears will contain the current text string which can then be edited
and re-positioned if desired, as described for the Add Text Block
function previously described.

  This function is repeatable, so selecting another text block will
enable it to be modified without having to re-select the Text option
from the main menu.

8.7 COUPLES (Arrows)

  The Couples function, not to be confused with the arrowheads
function for flow or connection termination, is used only for
structure charts. The Couple, referred to also here and in some texts
as an Arrow, is used to annotate a connection with data or control
flows passed, by a call, between the caller and the called function or
module. Once added to the chart, the Couple and/or its label and
Identifier can be moved, deleted or modified using the Object
manipulation functions previously described.

  Note that the Couple's base, a small circle, denotes the flow type.
A filled circle denotes a Control flow, whilst an outline circle
denotes a Data flow in the direction of the arrowhead, associated with
the connection which denotes a function call.

8.7.1 Add Couple

  To add an Arrow, select the COUPLE option which appears in the main
menu for a structure chart only and, when prompted, select the
connection to which the Arrow is to be associated.

  A pop-up dialog box will then appear and you will be prompted to
select whether you want to place a Data Flow or a Control Flow Arrow
and also whether you want it to be in an Up, Down or Up & Down (Up AND
Down, used for a bi-directional update flow) direction relative to the
direction of the connection. Select either the Data OR Control Flow
option line AND also select either the Up OR Down OR Up & Down
direction option line from the dialog box. The selected options will
be highlighted.

  Selecting the Yes dialog option will place the selected Arrow type
on the chart, after you select the position, when prompted, on the
chart where the base of the arrow is to be placed using the mouse.
Place the arrow just off to the side of the connection.

  Selecting the No dialog option or pressing the Escape key will abort
the Arrow function.

  Note that if the desired arrow position is not currently in the
chart window, the chart can be scrolled, prior to placing the arrow,
using either of the scrolling techniques previously described.

  Once the Arrow has been placed on the chart, the Identify Arrow
function (section 5.2.5) and/or the Label Arrow function (section
5.2.4.1) will automatically be invoked, if enabled, and may be
cancelled by either selecting the Cancel dialog option box or pressing
the Escape key if it is not desired to Identify and/or Label the new
arrow.

  This function is repeatable, so selecting another connection will
select that connection to receive another arrow without the need to
re-select the Arrow option from the menu and then re-select a
connection.

8.7.2 Delete Couple

  This function is used to remove a Couple and its label, if any, from
a structure chart and is activated by selecting the DELETE option from
the menu and selecting the arrow to be deleted.

  On selecting the Arrow, the arrow and its label text, if any, will
be highlighted and you will be prompted to confirm deletion of the
arrow and its label via a pop-up Yes/No dialog box. Selecting the Yes
dialog option will delete the arrow and its label from the chart.
Selecting the No dialog option or pressing the Escape key will cancel
the deletion, leaving the arrow and its label on the chart.

  Note that this function is repeatable once selected, so that
selecting another arrow will select it for deletion, with
confirmation, without the need to re-select the Delete option from the
menu and then re-select another arrow to be deleted.

8.7.3 Move Couple

  This function is used to adjust the position of a Couple and its
label text and is activated by selecting the MOVE option from the menu
and selecting the arrow to be moved.

  On selecting the arrow, the arrow and its label, if any, will be
highlighted and you will be prompted to select the new position for
the arrow and its label using the mouse. When the new position is
selected, the arrow and its label text, if appropriate, will be erased
from the old position and redrawn at the new position.

  Note that this function is repeatable once selected, so that
selecting another arrow will select it for movement without the need
to re-select the Move option from the menu and then re-select another
arrow to be deleted.

8.7.4 Change Couple Type/Direction

  To change the type and/or direction of a Couple, select the SYMBOL
Change option from the main menu and, when prompted, select the Arrow
whose type and/or direction is to be changed.

  A pop-up dialog box will then appear and you will be prompted to
select whether you want to select a Data Flow or a Control Flow Arrow
and also whether you want it to be in an Up, Down or Up & Down (Up AND
Down) direction. Select either the Data OR Control Flow option line
AND also select either the Up OR Down OR Up & Down direction option
line from the dialog box. The selected options will be highlighted.

  Selecting the Yes dialog option will change the selected Arrow type
and/or direction on the chart. Selecting the No dialog option or
pressing the Escape key will abort the Change Arrow function.

  Note that if the desired arrow position is not currently in the
chart window, the chart can be scrolled, prior to selecting the arrow,
using either of the scrolling techniques previously described.

  If an arrow type is changed in this way, any other arrows on the
chart, with the same identifier, will also be changed to the selected
type and re-drawn accordingly.

  This function is repeatable, so selecting another Arrow will select
that Arrow to be changed without the need to re-select the Change
Arrow option from the menu and then select an Arrow.

9. LIMITATIONS

EasyCASE has the following chart size and object limitations.

Chart Size - EasyCASE can be used to produce charts up to
approximately 24 inches square distributed, when printed, over several
sheets of paper. If using A-size paper in portrait mode, 6 such sheets
may be printed, 3 horizontally by 2 vertically.

Symbols - These are placed on a 32 column by 32 row matrix providing
1024 possible positions. Symbols are placed on the screen in grid
cells spaced 72 points wide by 48 points high.

Flows, Connections, Transitions - A chart may contain up to 256 flows
etc. and each may contain up to 20 intermediate points, including the
start and end points. A flow etc. may contain from none to two
arrowheads at one or both ends and may be drawn using solid or broken
lines. Flow intermediate points may be placed anywhere on the chart
and will snap to a grid located every 12 points horizontally and 8
points vertically.

Couples (Arrows) - A chart may contain up to 64 Arrows. An arrow may
be drawn in the up and/or down direction with one arrowhead and either
a solid or open base. Arrows must be linked to connections on a
structure chart and may be placed anywhere on the chart and will snap
to a grid located every 12 points horizontally and 8 points
vertically.

Object Labels - Each object can have only one label which may consist
of up to 4 rows of 32 (128 total) characters for flows, connections or
transitions; up to 4 rows of 12 (48 total) characters for couples and
up to 6 rows of 12 (72 total) characters for symbols.

Object Identifiers - Each object can have only one identifier, however
several similar objects may have the same identifier. Each identifier
may contain up to 32 characters.

Text Blocks - Up to 20 arbitrary text blocks may placed anywhere on
the chart. A text block may consist of up to 4 rows of 32 (128 total)
characters.

Chart Filenames - Chart filenames follow the DOS naming convention of
an (up to) 8 character name and 3 character extension. EasyCASE
reserves the extension to denote the chart type to which that chart
file corresponds. A 'project' directory may contain up to 96 chart
files and up to 32 additional sub-directories, or 128 total entries.
The combination of a chart filename and the pathname in which it is
located should not exceed 40 characters.

Export Chart Size - The chart area for exporting in Paint format, is
selectable, but is limited in size to 10 symbol columns by 12 symbol
rows (720 pixels horizontally and vertically) to maintain aspect ratio
and compatibility with page layout (desktop publishing) programs such
as Ventura and PageMaker.

10. dBASE III Plus Export File Format

  The following chart data is exported in the dBase III file :

Field Name     #    Type      Length    Description

OBJ_TYPE       1    Char      18   Object Type
IDENTIFIER     2    Char      32   Object Identifier
LABEL          3    Char      64   Object Label
SOURCE         4    Char      32   connection source symbol ID
DESTNATION     5    Char      2    connection dest. symbol ID
FLOW_TYPE      6    Char      32   Connection object sub-type
DIRECTION      7    Char      8    Flow/connection direction
FILENAME       8    Char      12   Chart filename


 10.1 Data Flow Diagram :

     Object Type ;
          External Entity
          Data Process
          Data Store
          Split/Merge
          Interface
          Data Flow

     Object IDentifier,

     Object Label,

     Source Symbol ID (flow only),
          or Interface (input)

     Destination Symbol ID (flow only),
          or Interface (output)

     Flow Type (flow only);
          Time Discrete
          Time Continuous

     Flow Direction (flow only);
          Input (interface only)
          Output (interface only)
          Update

     Chart Filename [????????.dfd].

 10.2 Transformation Graph :

     Object Type;
          External Entity
          Data Process
          Control Transform
          Data Store
          Control Store
          Split/Merge
          Interface
          Control Bar
          Data Flow
          Control Flow

     Object IDentifier,

     Object Label,

     Source Symbol ID (flow only),
          or Interface (input)

     Destination Symbol ID (flow only),
          or Interface (output)

     Flow Type (flow only);
          Time Discrete
          Time Continuous

     Flow Direction (flow only);
          Input (interface only)
          Output (interface only)
          Update

     Chart Filename [????????.trg].

 10.3 State Transition Diagram :

     Object Type;
          State
          Interface
          Transition

     Object IDentifier,

     Object Label,

     Source State ID (transition only),
          or Interface (input)

     Destination State ID (transition),
          or Interface (output)

     Transition Direction;
          Input (interface only)
          Output (interface only)
          Update

     Chart Filename [????????.std].

     Note : Field #6 is not used.

 10.4 Structure Chart :

     Object Type;
          Function
          Module
          Defined Function
          Defined Module
          Repetitive Function
          Decision Function
          Inclusive Function
          Store
          External Device
          Continuation
          Data Flow Arrow
          Control Flow Arrow
          Connection
          Asynchronous Call

     Object IDentifier,

     Object Label,

     Source Symbol ID (arrows & connections),

     Destination Symbol ID (arrows & connections),

     Identifier of linked connection (Arrow only)

     Arrow Direction (arrow only);
          Up
          Down
          Update

     Chart Filename [????????.stc].

 10.5 Entity Relationship Diagram :

     Object Type;
          Entity
          Relationship
          Weak Entity
          Attribute
          Connection
          Subtype/Supertype
          Association

     Object IDentifier,

     Object Label,

     Source Symbol ID,

     Destination Symbol ID,

     Connection Type;
          Connect
          Association
          One-to-Many/Many-to-One
          One-to-One
          Many-to-Many

     Chart Filename [????????.erd].

     Note : Field #7 is not used.

10.6 Data Structure Diagram :

     Object Type;
          Data Entity
          Repetition
          Alternate
          Data Connection

     Object Identifier,

     Object Label,

     Source Symbol ID,

     Destination Symbol ID,

     Chart Filename [????????.dsd]

     Note : Fields 6 & 7 are not used.

11. DIAGRAMMING STANDARDS SUPPORTED

  Although it is really beyond the scope of this document to describe
the various methodologies supported, an overview of each of the
diagramming techniques supported is provided below and some of the
basic principles of structured methods and CASE tools are also
provided throughout this document. For additional information, refer
to the texts listed in the bibliography section. The intent of the
various methods implemented is to support the concept of structured
system development. This technique involves successively breaking a
problem down into a number of smaller, more manageable, comprehensible
functions. The development of a system may be split into two major
phases, prior to coding and testing, namely analysis and design.

  The analysis (Essential model) stage is the requirements analysis
and definition stage during which the developer analyses exactly what
it is the system is required to do, specifies those functional
requirements and gains concurrence and approval from the customer.

  The design (Implementation model) stage is the hierarchical
organization and further decomposition of the required functions
identified during the requirements analysis stage into a modular
design with the identification of calling sequences, dependencies,
inclusion, parameter passing, Iteration and decision function
identification, coupling and cohesion issues etc. prior to coding each
primitive (lowest level) function.

  The Yourdon/DeMarco method is the best known structured analysis
method, but applies mainly to systems which manipulate data and is the
origin of the Data Flow Diagram (DFD). A derivative, using a slightly
different symbol set, is the Gane & Sarson method. These methods have
been extended by Ward & Mellor and Hatley (also known as Hatley-
Pirbhai and Boeing-Hatley) to support the concept of control flows,
stores and transformations required to support the modelling of real-
time systems. Both of these methods are similar and are built on the
symbols defined for the Yourdon/DeMarco or Gane & Sarson methods. The
two most important diagrams are the transformation graph (data/control
flow diagram) and the state transition diagram. In addition, these
methods use structured decision tables, process activation tables,
etc. which are currently not supported by this tool and may instead be
generated by an editor or word processor when creating the
specification.

  Neither of the above methods directly support the design process,
though the functions specified can be used as inputs to the design,
which are then structured into a functional hierarchy. The
Yourdon/Constantine method is the best known structured design method
and uses structure charts to show the hierarchical organization and
interaction of processes.

11.1 Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs)

  Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) are the origin of structured analysis and
depict the storage of data within, and the flow of data through, a
system as defined by Yourdon/DeMarco and Gane & Sarson. DFDs model the
functional requirements of a system, not its implementation, and is
idealized in the sense that processes are assumed to operate
instantaneously, inputs are always available when needed, and outputs
are always produced. The functional requirements are decomposed in a
hierarchical manner so that related functions are grouped together,
unrelated functions are separated, each function is non-redundantly
specified and partitioned until it can be completely and concisely
specified.

 A context diagram is the highest level diagram and shows the boundary
between the system and its environment, consisting of a single data
process representing the processing to be done by the system, external
entities representing 'things' in the environment with which the
system must interact, and flows representing real world data through
which the system interacts with its environment.

  The following objects are provided to support the production of data
flow diagrams. Note that you can use either the Yourdon/DeMarco or
Gane & Sarson symbol set.

     External Entity,
     Data Process,
     Data Store,
     Split/Merge,
     Interface,
     Data Flow,

  In the case of data flows, these may be defined to be either time
discrete or time continuous and one-way or update flows by virtue of
the number of arrowheads added to the end(s) of the flow.

11.2 Transformation Graphs (TRGs)

  Transformation Graphs (TRGs) are diagrams which contain Data and/or
Control information, as proposed by Ward & Mellor (W-M) and Hatley in
their extensions to the Yourdon/DeMarco method to support modelling of
real-time systems. Ward & Mellor allow for data and control on the
same diagram whereas Hatley requires data and control on separate
diagrams. For the true Hatley method, create a pair of diagrams with,
for example, the same filenames suffixed with a D and C for data and
control diagrams respectively. (For example (CRUISED.TRG and
CRUISEC.TRG). The .TRG extension signifies that the diagram is a
transformation graph. Alternatively, use the Hatley Control Bar
instead of the W-M Control Transform object on a single data/control
diagram.

  Control flow diagrams (CFDs), in the Hatley method, are used to map
the flow of control through the system, typically along the same paths
as the data flows on the corresponding DFD. Using the Hatley method,
the data and control flow diagrams are usually drawn with the same
objects at the same positions on each chart, one with data flows and
processes and the other with control flows and processes,
'overlapping' each other.

  The following objects are provided to support the production of
transformation graphs according to the Ward-Mellor or Hatley methods.
Note that you can use either the Yourdon/DeMarco or Gane & Sarson
symbol set when creating transformation graphs for either of these
methods. In their respective texts, both Ward-Mellor and Hatley-
Pirbhai use the Yourdon symbol set.

     External Entity,
     Data Process,
     Control Transform (Ward-Mellor method only),
     Control Bar (Hatley method only),
     Data Store,
     Control Store (Ward-Mellor and Hatley methods),
     Split/Merge,
     Interface,
     Data Flow,
     Control Flow (Ward-Mellor and Hatley methods),

  In the case of data and control flows, these may be defined to be
either time discrete or time continuous and one-way or update flows by
virtue of the number of arrowheads added to the end(s) of the flow.

11.3 State Transition Diagrams (STDs)

  State Transition Diagrams (STDs) are diagrams used to show the
sequence of states (state machine) a process (control transform or
bar) goes through in response to system events (control flow inputs),
and the resulting actions (control flow outputs) the process performs.
This diagram can be used with both the Ward-Mellor and Hatley methods
to show the inner functions performed by a control transform or bar.
Input control (flow) events are transformed into output control (flow)
actions by the process when enabled or triggered.

  The following objects are provided to support the production of
state transition diagrams according to the Ward-Mellor, Hatley methods
;

     State,
     Interface,
     Transition,

11.4 Structure Charts (STCs)

  Structure Charts (STCs) are diagrams used to portray the structured
design of the system in terms of functional hierarchy, dependencies,
calling sequences, repetition, inclusion, decisions and the passing of
data and control flow items between the functional entities comprising
the system.

  The structure chart should address Hierarchy, the depiction that
certain functions control other functions; Modularity, collections of
instructions belong together; Protocol, relinquishing of control
between parent/child functions, Information communication, passing of
data and/or control between processes; Coupling, the degree of
independence between functions (should be minimized) and Cohesion, the
degree to which activities within functions are inter-related.

  The following objects are provided to support the production of
structure charts according to the Yourdon/Constantine method ;

     Function,
     Pre-Defined Function (library module),
     Repetitive (Iteration) Function,
     Decision Function,
     Inclusive Function,
     Store,
     External Device,
     Connection (call),
     Data Flow Arrows,
     Control Flow Arrows,
     Connection Continuation,
     Asynchronous Call.

Note : Arrows are sometimes referred to as couples in some texts.

  Two types of Function and Module symbols are provided, one is an
outline whilst the other is subdivided so that the level number,
module name or identifier etc. may be placed in the upper box and its
label placed in the lower box.

  Two types of connections are provided, the normal one is used for
inter-function calls and the Asynchronous call is used to depict, for
example, functions invoked in response to system interrupts etc.

11.5 Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs)

  Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) are used to model the structure
and relationships of data typically stored in data stores on data flow
diagrams or transformation graphs. The ERD is a conceptual
representation of real world objects and the relationships between
them and defines information the system must process as well as the
inherent relationships that must be supported by the database (store).
The symbols provided are in accordance with the symbol set defined by
Chen and subsequently used by Ward & Mellor and Yourdon in their
texts.

  The following object types are provided to support the production of
ERDs;

     Entity,
     Relationship,
     Weak Entity,
     Attribute,
     Connection,
     Associative Relationship,
     Subtype/Supertype,
     One-to-One,
     One-to-Many/Many-to-One,
     Many-to-Many.

  For each method supported, the appropriate chart type is selected
and the main menu provides the user with the selection of objects
available for that diagram type. In each case, the user can place,
move, delete, connect, identify and label objects (symbols,
connections and text). In addition diagrams can be saved, loaded,
printed and exported. Also, the drawing grid can be shown/hidden,
number of arrows on connections specified, auto routing, auto
identification, auto labelling turned on/off and the chart redrawn,
cleared, previewed etc. The object connection process is automated in
that it will attempt to determine the best route for connection
segments if not all points are specified and will move associated
connections whenever objects are moved, changed or re-sized.
Identification and labelling of objects can be invoked automatically,
if desired, following placement of new objects and identifiers can be
re-used later on the same chart. A chart can be manipulated in either
full size or full screen mode and previewed prior to printing.

11.6 Data Structure Diagrams

  Data structure diagrams (DSDs) are used to graphically portray the
relationships between component data items within composite data
structures. The data objects used include symbols to represent data
entities (which may be composite or non-composite), Iteration
(repetitive) data items and alternate data entities.

  This is structure chart approach to data modeling which lends itself
well to the definition of data structures using the Jackson data
structure notation.

  Instead of using rectangles to define functions, they are used
instead to define data items.  This approach to specifying data
structures is a very powerful one, in that it clearly (visually) shows
the relationships between components of a complex data structure.

  The various symbols provided for depicting the various types of
functions of a data structure diagram have a direct one-one
relationship with the operators defined for the
Yourdon/DeMarco/Backus-Naur/Jackson representation of data structures.
The repetition data entity symbol is equivalent to the '{}' notation
and the alternate entity is equivalent to the '[ | ]' notation.

  The following object types are provided to support the production of
DSDs;

     Data Entity,
     Alternate Data Entity,
     Repetition Data Entity,
     Data Connection.

11.7 Objects

  Objects are entities which are placed on the chart and subsequently
manipulated, building interactions which collectively provide a visual
operation of the function, interrelationships and structure of the
system being defined. An Object may be a Symbol, Connection, Flow,
Transition, Arrow, Label or Text Block, each defined as follows and
appropriate to the type of chart being drawn.

  In the case of a Data Flow Diagram, a symbol may be an External
Entity (Terminator), Data Process, Data Store, Split/Merge or
Interface. Data Flows are used to connect symbols.

  In the case of a Transformation Graph, a symbol may be an External
Entity, Data Process, Control Transform, Data Store, Control Store,
Split/Merge, Interface or Control Bar. A Data Flow or Control Flow is
used to connect symbols.

  In the case of a State Transition Diagram, a Symbol may be a State
or Interface. A Transition is used to connect symbols.

  In the case of a Structure Chart, a Symbol may be a Function, Pre-
defined Function, Repeat Function, Decision Function, Inclusive
Function, Module, Pre-defined Module, Store, Device, Asynchronous Call
or Continuation. In addition, an Arrow is also an Object for this
chart type. A Connection is used to connect symbols.

  In the case of an Entity-Relationship Diagram, a symbol may be an
Entity, Relationship, Weak Entity or Associative Entity. Symbols are
connected and may be one-one, one-many, many-one, many-many or
subtype/supertype.

  A Text Block is an object which can be used on any chart type,
generally for annotation or heading purposes.

 An External Entity (or Terminator) symbol (dfd or trg) is depicted by
a rectangle and is used to portray a physical device or other system
which is outside the scope of the system being defined, and provides
information used by the system or uses information produced by the
system. The name of the device is placed inside the symbol.

 A Data Process symbol (dfd or trg) is depicted by a circle with a
solid outline and transforms input data (and control flows) into
output data (and control flows). The process name (verb-noun) and
level number and/or identifier is placed inside the symbol. The
identifier is typically a number which identifies the hierarchical
standing of the data process in the system (for example 1.2.3). Data
processes are typically further modelled by either a lower level DFD
or trg or a Primitive Process Specification (PPS) which may be in the
form of Structured English, Pseudocode (or PDL) or a flowchart etc.

 A Control Transform symbol (trg) is depicted by a circle with a
broken (dashed) outline and is used to transform input control flows
into output control flows only. The transform name (verb-noun) and
level number and/or identifier is placed inside the symbol.  The
identifier is typically a number which identifies the hierarchical
standing of the control transform in the system (for example 1.1.2).
Control Transforms are typically further modelled using a state
transition diagram, structured decision table or process activation
table.

 A Data Store symbol (dfd or trg) is depicted by a pair of horizontal,
solid lines and is used to store a data flow output by a source data
process until a destination data process requires it. The store name
(unique) and identifier is placed between the lines and should be a
noun and descriptive adjective(s), no processing should be implied. A
data store should ideally appear on only one diagram (though it may
appear in more than one place on that diagram), preferably at the
highest level at which it is used. Data stores are typically further
modelled, if sufficiently complex and/or structured, using an entity-
relationship diagram.

 A Control Store symbol (Ward & Mellor trg) is depicted by a pair of
horizontal, broken lines and is used to store a control flow output by
a source data process or control transform (or bar) until a
destination data process or control transform (or bar) requires it.
The store name and identifier is placed between the lines. A control
store is typically further defined by a control table.

 A Split/Merge symbol (dfd or trg) is depicted by a small circle and
is used to split a composite flow into its component flows, merge
component flows into a composite flow or enable a single flow to be
directed to several separate processes.

 An Interface symbol (dfd, trg or std) is depicted by a very small
rectangle and is used to show that the attached connection either
originates from, or is being sent to, a symbol outside the scope of
the current chart. It is connected to a symbol by a data or control
flow on a data flow diagram or transformation graph. The flow name is
placed on top of, or adjacent to, the flow.

 A Control Bar (Hatley trg) is depicted by a vertical bar symbol with
no name. There may be more than one Bar on a diagram, but it
represents only one control specification.

 A State symbol (std) is depicted by a rectangle and is used to show a
stable system state, during which processing continues until the
occurrence of one or more specified transition events. A system may
only be in one state at a time and must always be in a state. Rules :
Each state should be reachable from the start state, the end state
should be reachable from any state and, from a given state, a specific
event can cause a transition to only one other state.

 A Data Flow (dfd or trg) is depicted by a directed solid, continuous
line between a pair of symbols or an interface on a dfd or trg and is
terminated at one or both ends by one or two arrowheads. It is used to
denote the transfer of a data item (a 'pipeline') between symbols and
may be time discrete (single arrowhead at destination symbol) or time
continuous (double arrowhead at destination symbol), and may be either
a one-way (arrowhead(s) at destination symbol only) or an update
(arrowhead(s) at source and destination symbols) flow. The flow name
is placed on top of, or adjacent to, the flow and must be unique,
including only nouns and adjectives to represent its contents. No
processing should be implied. Rules : Data flows may only flow between
two processes, a terminator and a process or a store and a process, in
either or both (update) directions.

 A Control Flow (trg only) is depicted by a directed broken,
continuous line between a pair of symbols or an interface on a trg and
is terminated by one or two arrowheads at one or both ends. It is used
to denote the transfer of an event, trigger or enable/disable between
symbols and may be time discrete, time continuous and one-way or
update flow as for the data flow. The flow name is placed on top of,
or adjacent to, the flow and follows the same naming rules as for data
flows. Rules : Control flows may only flow between two data and/or
control processes, a terminator and a data or control process, a
process and a control bar (Hatley method) or a store and a control bar
(Hatley method).

 A Transition (std) is depicted by a directed solid, continuous line
connecting a pair of state symbols, terminated with an arrowhead at
the destination symbol end. It is used to show a change of system
state on a state transition diagram. The condition or event which
caused, and action which results from, the change of state are placed
adjacent to the transition and prefixed with C: and E: respectively.

 A Connection (stc) is depicted by a directed solid, continuous line
connecting a pair of function or module symbols and is terminated with
an arrowhead at the destination symbol end. It is used to show a
calling sequence or dependency between symbols on a structure chart. A
data connection is a solid, continuous line between a module or
function symbol and a store or external device on an stc and is un-
terminated. A connection is generally unlabeled though labels could be
used to denote options in the case of a decision process invoking
alternative sub-processes. An Asynchronous Call is depicted using a
broken line and may be used for invoking functions etc. in response to
a system interrupt.

 An Arrow (or couple) (stc) is used to show the flow of data or
control between symbols and is depicted by a an arrow symbol with a
circle at the base placed adjacent to a connection between a pair of
processes. An unfilled circle is used to depict a data flow whereas a
filled circle depicts a control flow. The arrow points in the
direction of flow between process symbols. The arrow label is placed
adjacent to the arrow and is typically the same as the corresponding
data item connecting the equivalent data process pair on the
corresponding data flow diagram.

 A Continuation (stc) placed at the end of a connection is used to
denote that the connection continues elsewhere on the same chart and
is used to prevent unnecessary crossing of connections. This symbol is
a small rectangle.

 A Function (stc) is used to represent a collection of statements or
operations which will implement a particular function. The symbol used
is a rectangle inside which the process name is placed. An alternative
symbol is a rectangle with a horizontal line inside dividing it into
two parts, the upper of which can be used to contain a level number
and/or identifier and the lower of which contains the process name.

 A Module (stc) is a process which is outside the system and has
already been developed in the form of a library or operating system
etc, function. It is similar to the function symbols but the left and
right sides each consist of closely spaced vertical lines.

 An Entity (erd), depicted by a rectangle, with a unique singular noun
name, and represents an object or group of objects about which
information is to be stored or collected. An entity has a significant
purpose or characteristic within the system (data view) being modeled.

 A Relationship (erd), depicted by a diamond, with a verb name, and
represents a significant association or interaction involving one or
more entities. A Relationship cannot stand alone and must be connected
to at least two entities with a line (erd connection). Two aspects of
this connection need to be accounted for; namely cardinality, the rate
of relative occurrence of one entity in the relationship to another
(one or many), and exclusivity, whether an entity must have a
relationship with one or more other entity(ies) in the relationship
(some or all).

 A Subtype/Supertype (erd), depicted by a connection with a
perpendicular bar across the middle segment, is a means of identifying
sub-categories of an entity. The sub-entity inherits all the
properties of the super-entity and has in addition, unique properties
of its own.

 An Attribute (erd) is depicted by a circle and is used to represent
data elements which help to describe a particular entity or
relationship and ought to describe only one thing. Attributes which
help to uniquely identify an entity or relationship are 'key
attributes'.

 A Direction Indicator (erd) is depicted by a connection with an
arrowhead and represents the direction of access of data in a
database.

 An Associative Entity (erd), depicted by a connection with an
arrowhead at the end coincident with a Relationship symbol, represents
a Relationship which participates in other relationships. Its key
consists of those of the participating entities.